Molecular Pathways Mediating Immunosuppression in Response to Prolonged Intensive Physical Training, Low-Energy Availability, and Intensive Weight Loss

In conclusion, based on our integrated omics findings, we show that prolonged periods of low-energy availability and a high amount of exercise leading to weight loss have a significant effect on multiple levels of the immune system, while most of these changes can be reverted through a sufficient recovery period leading to weight regain. More studies are warranted to examine the effects long-term intensive exercise with low-calorie diet and repeated weight loss bouts on the function and molecular mechanisms of the immune system function. Our findings highlight and reinforce the perception that starting weight and the way in which weight loss is achieved (voluntary vs. involuntary, dietary restriction vs. exercise mediated) have a considerable effect on immune system modulation and health. Materials and Methods Study Participants and Design We recruited young previously normal-weight female physique athletes to participate in the present weight loss study. A detailed description of study design, study participants, recruitment, and phenotyping methods was reported previously (12). Briefly, female physique athletes aim to achieve a highly-refined aesthetic appearance with high muscle definition and symmetry by drastically reducing body fat levels during a vigorous 2- to 5-month progressive competition diet routine, followed by a weight regain period. Exclusion criteria for the study were: (i) prevalent diagnosed chronic disease, (ii) prescribed medication (e.g., thyroxine) e...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research