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Total 656 results found since Jan 2013.

Advance of RNA interference technique in Hemipteran insects
ABSTRACTRNA interference (RNAi) suppressed the expression of the target genes by post transcriptional regulation and the double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) mediated gene silencing has been a conserved mechanism in many eukaryotes, which prompted RNAi to become a valuable tool for unveiling the gene function in many model insects. Recent research attested that RNAi technique can be also effective in downregulation target genes in Hemipteran insects. In this review, we collected the researches of utilizing RNAi technique in gene functional analysis in Hemipteran insects, highlighted the methods of dsRNA/siRNA uptake by insects an...
Source: Insect Science - July 24, 2012 Category: Biology Authors: Jie Li, Xiaoping Wang, Manqun Wang, Weihua Ma, Hongxia Hua Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research

CsIFIT1, an interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeat, inhibits viral infection in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)
In this study, we report the identification of an IFIT homologue (named CsIFIT1) from tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and examined its antiviral potential. CsIFIT1 is composed of 436 residues and shares 30.9%–58.7% overall sequence identities with the known IFITs of a number of teleost species. In silico analysis identified two tetratricopeptide repeats in CsIFIT1. Quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis showed that CsIFIT1 expression was most abundant in immune relevant organs and upregulated, in a time-dependent manner, by experimental infection with the fish viral pathogen megalocytivirus. When CsIFIT1 was overexp...
Source: Fish and Shellfish Immunology - October 12, 2014 Category: Biology Source Type: research

Distribution bias of the sequence matching between exons and introns in exon joint and EJC binding region in C. elegans
Publication date: 7 January 2015 Source:Journal of Theoretical Biology, Volume 364 Author(s): Qiang Zhang , Hong Li , Xiaoqing Zhao , Yan Zheng , Deliang Zhou We propose a mechanism that there are matching relations between mRNA sequences and corresponding post-spliced introns, and introns play a significant role in the process of gene expression. In order to reveal the sequence matching features, Smith-Waterman local alignment method is used on C. elegans mRNA sequences to obtain optimal matched segments between exon-exon sequences and their corresponding introns. Distribution characters of matching frequency on exon-ex...
Source: Journal of Theoretical Biology - November 4, 2014 Category: Biology Source Type: research

Docosahexaenoic Acid Induces M2 Macrophage Polarization through Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Activation
Publication date: Available online 31 October 2014 Source:Life Sciences Author(s): Hae Yeun Chang , Ha-Na Lee , Wonki Kim , Young-Joon Surh Aims Impaired resolution of acute inflammation results in development of chronic inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis, asthma and arthritis. Clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by M2 macrophages, the process termed efferocytosis, is critical for complete resolution of inflammation as it prevents secondary necrosis caused by disgorgement of toxic contents from apoptotic cells in the inflamed site. In the present study, we investigated the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ...
Source: Life Sciences - November 4, 2014 Category: Biology Source Type: research

Adipose tissue regulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism via adiponectin
In this study, we examined the direct effects of adipocytes on hepatic cholesterol metabolic factors and investigated the role of potential adipocytokines in it. Main methods Male SD rats were induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and hepatic cholesterol metabolic factors, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) were measured by immunoblotting. Then the effects of adipocytes on the expressions of hepatic cholesterol metabolism proteins were examined in the co-culture system. Finally, the concentrations of several adipocytokines were detected by ELISA and the effect of ad...
Source: Life Sciences - November 4, 2014 Category: Biology Source Type: research

Epalrestat increases intracellular glutathione levels in Schwann cells through transcription regulation
Publication date: 2014 Source:Redox Biology, Volume 2 Author(s): Keisuke Sato , Kaori Yama , Yu Murao , Ryosuke Tatsunami , Yoshiko Tampo Epalrestat (EPS), approved in Japan, is the only aldose reductase inhibitor that is currently available for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Here we report that EPS at near-plasma concentration increases the intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH), which is important for protection against oxidative injury, through transcription regulation. Treatment of Schwann cells with EPS caused a dramatic increase in intracellular GSH levels. EPS increased the mRNA levels of γ-glutamylcyst...
Source: Redox Biology - October 12, 2014 Category: Biology Source Type: research

Melanoma upregulates ICAM-1 expression on endothelial cells through engagement of tumor CD44 with endothelial E-selectin and activation of a PKC{alpha}-p38-SP-1 pathway Research Communications
In conclusion, CD44/selectin binding signals ICAM-1 up-regulation on the EC surface through a PKCα–p38–SP-1 pathway, which further enhances melanoma cell adhesion to ECs during metastasis.—Zhang, P., Goodrich, C., Fu, C., Dong, C. Melanoma upregulates ICAM-1 expression on ECs through engagement of tumor CD44 with endothelial E-selectin and activation of a PKCα–p38–SP-1 pathway.
Source: FASEB Journal - October 30, 2014 Category: Biology Authors: Zhang, P., Goodrich, C., Fu, C., Dong, C. Tags: Research Communications Source Type: research

AMSH-mediated deubiquitination of Cx43 regulates internalization and degradation of gap junctions Research Communications
In this study, we demonstrate that Cx43 is modified with lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin chains and that these increase the interaction between Cx43 and AMSH. We also show that AMSH is recruited to GJ plaque sites at the plasma membrane, where it mediates the deubiquitination of Cx43. Using siRNA depletion or overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant of AMSH, we show that by decreasing Cx43 deubiquitination, both the internalization and degradation rate of Cx43 are increased. Overall, these data strongly suggest that AMSH-mediated deubiquitination of Cx43 protects GJs from degradation.—Ribeiro-Rodrigues, T. M....
Source: FASEB Journal - October 30, 2014 Category: Biology Authors: Ribeiro-Rodrigues, T. M., Catarino, S., Marques, C., Ferreira, J. V., Martins-Marques, T., Pereira, P., Girao, H. Tags: Research Communications Source Type: research

{beta}-Arrestin-1 mediates thyrotropin-enhanced osteoblast differentiation Research Communications
Thyrotropin (TSH) activation of the TSH receptor (TSHR), a 7-transmembrane-spanning receptor (7TMR), may have osteoprotective properties by direct effects on bone. TSHR activation by TSH phosphorylates protein kinases AKT1, p38α, and ERK1/2 in some cells. We found TSH-induced phosphorylation of these kinases in 2 cell lines engineered to express TSHRs, human embryonic kidney HEK-TSHR cells and human osteoblastic U2OS-TSHR cells. In U2OS-TSHR cells, TSH up-regulated pAKT1 (7.1±0.5-fold), p38α (2.9±0.4-fold), and pERK1/2 (3.1±0.2-fold), whereas small molecule TSHR agonist C2 had no or little ...
Source: FASEB Journal - July 30, 2014 Category: Biology Authors: Boutin, A., Eliseeva, E., Gershengorn, M. C., Neumann, S. Tags: Research Communications Source Type: research

Adiponectin modulates focal adhesion disassembly in activated hepatic stellate cells: implication for reversing hepatic fibrosis Research Communications
Previous evidence indicates that adiponectin possesses antifibrogenic activity in inhibiting liver fibrosis. Therapeutic strategies, however, are limited by adiponectin quaternary structure and effective concentrations in circulation. Here we postulate a novel molecular mechanism, whereby adiponectin targets focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity and disrupts key features of the fibrogenic response. Adiponectin-null (Ad–/–) mice and wild-type littermates were exposed to either saline or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 6 wk. CCl4-gavaged mice were also injected with attenuated adenoviral adiponectin (Ad-Adn) or Ad...
Source: FASEB Journal - December 1, 2014 Category: Biology Authors: Kumar, P., Smith, T., Rahman, K., Mells, J. E., Thorn, N. E., Saxena, N. K., Anania, F. A. Tags: Research Communications Source Type: research

Exendin-4 protects adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide through the PI3K/Akt-Sfrp2 pathways.
Abstract Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs)-based therapy is a promising modality for the treatment of myocardial infarction in the future. However, the majority of transplanted cells are readily lost after transplantation because of hypoxia and oxidative stress. An efficient means to enhance the ability of ADMSCs to survive under pathologic conditions is required. In our study, we explored the effects of exendin-4 (Ex-4) on ADMSCs apoptosis in vitro induced by hydrogen peroxide, focusing in particular on mitochondrial apoptotic pathways and PI3K/Akt-secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (Sfrp2) surviva...
Source: Free Radical Biology and Medicine - October 16, 2014 Category: Biology Authors: Zhou H, Yang J, Xin T, Li D, Guo J, Hu S, Zhou S, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Han T, Chen Y Tags: Free Radic Biol Med Source Type: research

Epalrestat increases glutathione, thioredoxin, and heme oxygenase-1 by stimulating Nrf2 pathway in endothelial cells
Publication date: Available online 10 December 2014 Source:Redox Biology Author(s): Kaori Yama , Keisuke Sato , Natsuki Abe , Yu Murao , Ryosuke Tatsunami , Yoshiko Tampo Epalrestat (EPS) is the only aldose reductase inhibitor that is currently available for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Recently, we found that EPS at near-plasma concentration increases the intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH) in rat Schwann cells. GSH plays a crucial role in protecting endothelial cells from oxidative stress, thereby preventing vascular diseases. Here we show that EPS increases GSH levels in not only Schwann cells but also ...
Source: Redox Biology - December 14, 2014 Category: Biology Source Type: research

Intestinal CYP2E1: A mediator of alcohol-induced gut leakiness
Publication date: 2014 Source:Redox Biology, Volume 3 Author(s): Christopher B. Forsyth , Robin M. Voigt , Ali. Keshavarzian Chronic alcohol use can result in many pathological effects including alcoholic liver disease (ALD). While alcohol is necessary for the development of ALD, only 20–30% of alcoholics develop alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) with progressive liver disease leading to cirrhosis and liver failure (ALD). This suggests that while chronic alcohol consumption is necessary it is not sufficient to induce clinically relevant liver damage in the absence of a secondary risk factor. Studies in rodent models and ...
Source: Redox Biology - December 14, 2014 Category: Biology Source Type: research

Ochratoxin A promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication in vitro and in vivo.
Abstract Ochratoxin A (OTA), a worldwide mycotoxin found in food and feeds, is a potent nephrotoxin in animals and humans. Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, is a worldwide swine disease. To date, little is known concerning the relationship between OTA and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the primary causative agent of PCVAD. Effects of OTA on PCV2 replication and its mechanism were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results in vitro showed that low doses of OTA significantly increased PCV2 DNA copies and the number of infected cells. Maximum ...
Source: Free Radical Biology and Medicine - December 23, 2014 Category: Biology Authors: Gan F, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Hesketh J, Xue H, Chen X, Hao S, Huang Y, Cole Ezea P, Parveen F, Huang K Tags: Free Radic Biol Med Source Type: research

PPARγ depletion stimulates Nox4 expression and human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Abstract Hypoxia stimulates pulmonary hypertension (PH) in part by increasing the proliferation of pulmonary vascular wall cells. Recent evidence suggests that signaling events involved in hypoxia-induced cell proliferation include sustained nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation, increased NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) expression, and downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) levels. To further understand the role of reduced PPARγ levels associated with PH pathobiology, siRNA was employed to reduce PPARγ levels in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMC) in vitro under n...
Source: Free Radical Biology and Medicine - December 31, 2014 Category: Biology Authors: Bijli KM, Kleinhenz JM, Murphy TC, Kang B, Adesina SE, Sutliff RL, Hart CM Tags: Free Radic Biol Med Source Type: research