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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Use in Warfighting: Benefits, Risks, and Future Prospects
Conclusion The aim of this paper was to examine whether military tDCS use can be efficacious and ethical in military settings. Our assessment is that tDCS offers a number of cognitive, motor, and perceptual enhancement opportunities which could provide value in military situations like training and operations. There is potential scope for use in a number of key areas that directly affect practical battlefield advantage and survivability, such as deceptive capabilities, risk-taking, threat detection, perception, and physiological improvement. Additionally, tDCS has the potential to improve command and control decision maki...
Source: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience - April 17, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Conclusions: This meta-analysis revealed that PD is associated with an increase of CRP levels. CRP might be a risk factor for PD or PD leads to an inflammatory response. Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most complex neuro-degenerative disorders next to Alzheimer's disease. It is characterized by bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, abnormal postural, and gait (1). PD has been recognized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta, whereas the exact etiology remains elusive (2). Previously, multiple inferences have reviewed the environmental a...
Source: Frontiers in Neurology - April 16, 2019 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Connecting Metainflammation and Neuroinflammation Through the PTN-MK-RPTP β/ζ Axis: Relevance in Therapeutic Development
Conclusion The expression of the components of the PTN-MK-RPTPβ/ζ axis in immune cells and in inflammatory diseases suggests important roles for this axis in inflammation. Pleiotrophin has been recently identified as a limiting factor of metainflammation, a chronic pathological state that contributes to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Pleiotrophin also seems to potentiate acute neuroinflammation independently of the inflammatory stimulus while MK seems to play different -even opposite- roles in acute neuroinflammation depending on the stimulus. Which are the functions of MK and PTN in chronic neuroi...
Source: Frontiers in Pharmacology - April 11, 2019 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

The Discovery and Development of Liraglutide and Semaglutide
We describe one such approach, albumin binding, and explain how it was applied in the development of the human GLP-1 analog liraglutide once daily and, subsequently, semaglutide once weekly. The pharmacology of these two long-acting GLP-1 analogs, in terms of improving glycemic control, reducing body weight and decreasing cardiovascular (CV) risk, is also reviewed, together with some novel biology. In addition, we describe the importance of accurate target (GLP-1 receptor) tissue expression analysis. Now an established class of agents, GLP-1-based therapies represent a significant advance in the treatment of T2D. All curr...
Source: Frontiers in Endocrinology - April 11, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Epidemiology of khat (Catha edulis) consumption among university students: a meta-analysis - Ayano G, Yohannis K, Abraha M.
BACKGROUND: Khat is amphetamine-like substance commonly consumed by students when they wish to study for long hours especially during examination periods. Khat consumption is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular problems, stroke, myocardial in...
Source: SafetyLit - February 7, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Tags: Age: Adolescents Source Type: news

The efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for post-stroke aphasia.
Conclusions Current evidence suggests that drugs can improve the prognosis of post-stroke aphasia, such as donepezil, memantine. Donepezil has a significant effect in improving the ability of auditory comprehension, naming, repetition and oral expression. Memantine has a significant effect in improving the ability of naming, spontaneous speech and repetition. Bromocriptine showed no significant improvement in the treatment of aphasia after stroke. The trial for galantamine, amphetamine and levodopa in the treatment of aphasia after stroke is limited and inconclusive. PMID: 29984673 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: CNS and Neurological Disorders Drug Targets - July 6, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Zhang X, Shu B, Zhang D, Huang L, Fu Q, Du G Tags: CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets Source Type: research

Modafinil for the Improvement of Patient Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Conclusion. Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant with well-established effectiveness in the treatment of narcolepsy and shift-work sleep disorder. There is conflicting evidence about the benefits of modafinil in the treatment of fatigue and EDS secondary to TBI. One randomized, controlled study states that modafinil does not significantly improve patient wakefulness, while another concludes that modafinil corrects EDS but not fatigue. An observational study provides evidence that modafinil increases alertness in fatigued patients with past medical history of brainstem diencephalic stroke or multiple sclerosis. ...
Source: Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience - April 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: ICNS Online Editor Tags: Current Issue Review excessive daytime sleep fatigue head injury modafinil stroke TBI traumatic brain injury Source Type: research

Pharmacotherapy and motor recovery after stroke.
Authors: Viale L, Catoira NP, Di Girolamo G, González CD Abstract INTRODUCTION: Stroke is one of the most prevalent neurological diseases worldwide, especially among the elderly population. There are various mechanisms that enhance motor recovery after a stroke. In clinical practice, we have the opportunity to enhance plasticity by designing specific rehabilitation programs. Areas covered: There are a variety of drugs commonly administered to people after the acute phase of a stroke. These drugs may modify motor performance. Herein reviewed is the evidence concerning motor enhancement or decline in stroke patients, p...
Source: Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics - November 11, 2017 Category: Neurology Tags: Expert Rev Neurother Source Type: research

Features and Outcomes of Methamphetamine Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.
CONCLUSIONS: Meth-APAH is a severe and progressive form of PAH with poor outcomes. Future studies should focus on mechanisms of disease and potential therapeutic considerations. PMID: 28934596 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - September 21, 2017 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Zamanian RT, Hedlin H, Greuenwald P, Wilson DM, Segal JI, Jorden M, Kudelko K, Liu J, Hsi A, Rupp A, Sweatt AJ, Tuder R, Berry GJ, Rabinovitch M, Doyle RL, De Jesus Perez V, Kawut SM Tags: Am J Respir Crit Care Med Source Type: research

CART modulates beta-amyloid metabolism-associated enzymes and attenuates memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice.
CONCLUSION: CART decreases the levels of soluble Aβ in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice by modulating the expression of Aβ metabolism-associated enzymes, which may be associated with the MAPK and AKT pathways. PMID: 28743230 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Neurological Research - July 27, 2017 Category: Neurology Tags: Neurol Res Source Type: research

Noradrenergic antagonists mitigate amphetamine-induced recovery.
Abstract Brain injury, including that due to stroke, leaves individuals with cognitive deficits that can disrupt daily aspect of living. As of now there are few treatments that shown limited amounts of success in improving functional outcome. The use of stimulants such as amphetamine have shown some success in improving outcome following brain injury. While the pharmacological mechanisms for amphetamine are known; the specific processes responsible for improving behavioral outcome following injury remain unknown. Understanding these mechanisms can help to refine the use of amphetamine as a potential treatment or l...
Source: Behavioural Brain Research - July 26, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Hylin MJ, Brenneman MM, Corwin JV Tags: Behav Brain Res Source Type: research

Effects of monoaminergic drugs on training-induced motor cortex plasticity in older adults.
Abstract Primary motor cortex (M1) plasticity is involved in motor learning and stroke motor recovery, and enhanced by increasing monoaminergic transmission. Age impacts these processes but there is a paucity of systematic studies on the effects of monoaminergic drugs in older adults. Here, in ten older adults (age 61+ 4 years, 4 males), we determine the effects of a single oral dose of carbidopa/levodopa (DOPA), d-amphetamine (AMPH), methylphenidate (MEPH) and placebo (PLAC) on M1 excitability and motor training-induced M1 plasticity. M1 plasticity is defined as training related long lasting changes in M1 excitab...
Source: Brain Research - June 17, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Kesar TM, Belagaje SR, Pergami P, Haut MW, Hobbs G, Buetefisch CM Tags: Brain Res Source Type: research

Risk of stroke in prescription and other amphetamine ‐type stimulants use: A systematic review
Conclusions. This is the first systematic review on ATS and stroke. Limited epidemiological evidence suggests that ATS use increases stroke risk. Possible disparities in ATS effect across stroke type and higher effect in women deserve further clarification. Studies on non‐medical ATS use should be a priority. [Indave BI, Sordo L, Bravo MJ, Sarasa‐Renedo A, Fernández‐Balbuena S, De la Fuente L, Sonego M, Barrio G. Risk of stroke in prescription and other amphetamine‐type stimulants use: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000–000]
Source: Drug and Alcohol Review - May 8, 2017 Category: Addiction Authors: Blanca Iciar Indave, Luis Sordo, Mar ía José Bravo, Ana Sarasa‐Renedo, Sonia Fernández‐Balbuena, Luis De la Fuente, Michela Sonego, Gregorio Barrio Tags: Comprehensive Review Source Type: research

Methamphetamine-related brainstem haemorrhage
We report the case of an otherwise healthy 29-year-old woman who presented with a brainstem haemorrhage following intravenous methamphetamine use. Extensive investigation did not reveal an underlying pathology, and the development of symptoms was temporally related to methamphetamine injection. Although intracerebral haemorrhage secondary to methamphetamine use is well documented, this report describes a haemorrhage within the brainstem which is a rare location. While animal studies have demonstrated the potential of methamphetamines to produce brainstem haemorrhages, there has only been one previous report describing a ha...
Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience - August 31, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Illicit Drug Related Acute Ischemic Stroke, The Impact of Age and Gender (P3.236)
Conclusions: Patient age and sex are poor predictors of illicit drug related acute ischemic stroke. There is underutilization of urine toxicology screening. Acute ischemic stroke standard labs should include urine toxicology screening.Disclosure: Dr. Alhatou has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kirkman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Siddiqui has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alhatou has nothing to disclose.
Source: Neurology - April 3, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Alhatou, M., Kirkman, T., Siddiqui, H., Alhatou, A. Tags: Stroke in the Young Source Type: research

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