Treatment and Prevention of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza
Conclusion Prevention of swine influenza has 3 components: prevention in swine, prevention of transmission to humans, and prevention of its spread among humans. Because of limited treatment options, high risk for secondary infection, and frequent need for intensive care of individuals with H1N1 pneumonia, environmental control, including vaccination of high-risk populations and public education are critical to control of swine influenza out breaks. (Source: Annals of Global Health)
Source: Annals of Global Health - March 28, 2016 Category: Global & Universal Source Type: research
High conservation level of CD8+ T cell immunogenic regions within an unusual H1N2 human influenza variant
This study describes the immunogenic NP peptides of H1N1, H2N2 and H3N2 influenza viruses isolated from humans over the past century, 1918‐2003, by comparing this historical dataset to reference NP peptides from H1N2 that circulated in humans during 2000‐2003. Observed peptides sequences ranged from highly conserved (15%) to highly variable (12%), with variation unrelated to reported immunodominance. No unique NP peptides which were exclusive to the H1N2 viruses were noted. However, the virus had inherited the NP from a recently emerged H3N2 variant containing novel peptides, which may have assisted its persistence. An...
Source: Journal of Medical Virology - March 7, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Naomi Komadina, Sergio M Quiñones‐Parra, Katherine Kedzierska, James M. McCaw, Anne Kelso, Karin Leder, Jodie McVernon Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
Heterologous challenge in the presence of maternally-derived antibodies results in vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease in weaned piglets.
Abstract
Control of influenza A virus (IAV) in pigs is done by vaccination of females to provide maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) through colostrum. Our aim was to evaluate if MDA interfere with IAV infection, clinical disease, and transmission in non-vaccinated piglets. In the first study, naïve sows were vaccinated with H1N2-δ1 whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccine. In a follow-up study seropositive sows to 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) were boosted with H1N1pdm09 WIV or secondary experimental infection (EXP). MDA-positive pigs were challenged with homologous or heterologous virus, and MDA-negative...
Source: Virology - February 11, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Rajao DS, Sandbulte MR, Gauger PC, Kitikoon P, Platt R, Roth JA, Perez DR, Loving CL, Vincent AL Tags: Virology Source Type: research
Hypothiocyanite produced by human and rat respiratory epithelial cells inactivates extracellular H1N2 influenza A virus
Conclusions
Differentiated air–liquid interface cultures of rat tracheal epithelial cells provide a novel model to study airway epithelium–influenza interactions. The dual oxidase/lactoperoxidase/thiocyanate extracellular oxidative system producing hypothiocyanite is a fast and potent anti-influenza mechanism inactivating H1N2 viruses prior to infection of the epithelium. (Source: Inflammation Research)
Source: Inflammation Research - November 25, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research
Serological Evidence of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Infections in Greek Swine
In this study, we examined and compared haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres against previously established IAVs and pH1N1 in 908 swine sera from 88 herds, collected before and after the 2009 pandemic. While we confirmed the historic presence of the three IAVs established in European swine, we also found that 4% of the pig sera examined after 2009 had HI antibodies only against the pH1N1 virus. Our results indicate that pH1N1 is circulating in Greek pigs and stress out the importance of a vigorous virological surveillance programme. (Source: Zoonoses and Public Health)
Source: Zoonoses and Public Health - October 19, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: C. S. Kyriakis, V. G. Papatsiros, L. V. Athanasiou, G. Valiakos, I. H. Brown, G. Simon, K. Van Reeth, S. Tsiodras, V. Spyrou, C. Billinis Tags: Original Article Source Type: research
Diagnosing swine influenza
Hysolv Animal Health is offering veterinary surgeons in the UK and Ireland a free laboratory diagnostic testing service for swine influenza. It says it will supply vets with kits to enable them to take nasal or blood samples from pig herds that they suspect are infected with the virus. The samples will then be sent to Germany for testing by the Institute for Virus Diagnostics, which is part of the Federal Research Institute for Animal Health. The testing is being sponsored by the vaccine and biologicals company IDT Biologika. The tests will include PCR and will look for antibody titres against H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, panH1N1 and...
Source: Veterinary Record - October 16, 2015 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Products and Services Source Type: research
Cross-protection against European swine influenza viruses in the context of infection immunity against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus: studies in the pig model of influenza
In conclusion, infection with a live, wild type influenza virus may offer substantial cross-lineage protection against viruses of the same HA and/or NA subtype. True heterosubtypic protection, in contrast, appears to be minimal in natural influenza virus hosts. We discuss our findings in the light of the zoonotic and pandemic risks of SIVs. (Source: Veterinary Research)
Source: Veterinary Research - September 24, 2015 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Influenza a virus infection in brazilian swine herds following the introduction of pandemic 2009 h1n1
Publication date: Available online 1 September 2015 Source:Veterinary Microbiology Author(s): JANICE REIS CIACCI-ZANELLA, REJANE SCHAEFER, DANIELLE GAVA, VANESSA HAACH, MAURÍCIO EGÍDIO CANTÃO, ARLEI COLDEBELLA Influenza A virus (FLUAV) infections are endemic in pork producing countries worldwide but in Brazil it was not considered an important pathogen in pigs. Since the emergence of 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm) FLUAV, many outbreaks of respiratory disease were observed in pig herds. The aim of this study was to evaluate FLUAV infection in swine in 48 pig farms located in seven Brazilian states with prev...
Source: Veterinary Microbiology - September 1, 2015 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Swine Influenza Virus and Association with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Pig Farms in Southern Brazil
Summary
Despite the putative endemic status of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) infections, data on the occurrence of swine influenza outbreaks are scarce in Brazil. The aim of this study was to detect and subtype swIAVs from six outbreaks of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) in southern Brazil. Nasal swabs were collected from 66 piglets with signs of respiratory disease in six herds. Lung tissue samples were collected from six necropsied animals. Virus detection was performed by PCR screening and confirmed by virus isolation and hemagglutination (HA). Influenza A subtyping was performed by a real‐time reverse tr...
Source: Zoonoses and Public Health - August 25, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: C. Schmidt, S. P. Cibulski, C. P. Andrade, T. F. Teixeira, A. P. M. Varela, C. M. Scheffer, A. C. Franco, L. L. Almeida, P. M. Roehe Tags: Original Article Source Type: research
Molecular diagnosis of H1N1 virus
Conclusion The molecular testing of H1N1 patients helped the clinicians in timely diagnosis and treatment of these patients during the pandemic surveillance. The RT-PCR test has higher sensitivity and specificity; hence it is considered to be the best tool to use during the pandemic surveillance, as compared to the any other commercial antigen-based tests, which show a variable performance, with the sensitivities of tests from different manufacturers ranging from 9 to 77%. (Source: Apollo Medicine)
Source: Apollo Medicine - August 18, 2015 Category: Journals (General) Source Type: research
Novel Human-like Influenza A Viruses Circulate in Swine in Mexico and Chile
Discussion
Through new surveillance efforts and phylogenetic analysis of IAV-S in Mexico and Chile, we have expanded our understanding of the extensive IAV-S diversity that circulates in swine in Latin America. Most notably, we have identified multiple novel clades of H3N2 and H1N1 viruses of human origin in Mexico and Chile that have not been identified in swine previously, highlighting the importance of the human-swine interface in the evolution of IAV-S diversity in Latin America. The presence of two different IAV-S lineages in Mexico that are related to North American IAV-S (classical H1N1 and H3-cluster IV) also demon...
Source: PLOS Currents Outbreaks - August 13, 2015 Category: Epidemiology Authors: minelson22 Source Type: research
Influenza A Viruses of Human Origin in Swine, Brazil.
Abstract
The evolutionary origins of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus that caused the first outbreak of the 2009 pandemic in Mexico remain unclear, highlighting the lack of swine surveillance in Latin American countries. Although Brazil has one of the largest swine populations in the world, influenza was not thought to be endemic in Brazil's swine until the major outbreaks of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009. Through phylogenetic analysis of whole-genome sequences of influenza viruses of the H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes collected in swine in Brazil during 2009-2012, we identified multiple previously unchara...
Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases - July 24, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Nelson MI, Schaefer R, Gava D, Cantão ME, Ciacci-Zanella JR Tags: Emerg Infect Dis Source Type: research
Pregnancy outcome and clinical status of gilts following experimental infection by H1N2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 influenza A viruses during the last month of gestation
Abstract
The present study was planned to study the effect of various subtypes of swine influenza virus (SIV) circulating among pigs (H1N2, H3N2 and emerging pandemic strain of H1N1 influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) on the course of pregnancy in naïve gilts experimentally infected during the last month of pregnancy. In addition, the clinical course of infection, distribution of viruses in various tissues (blood, placenta, fetal lung), and selected immunological, reproductive and productive parameters were also investigated. All SIV-inoculated gilts became infected. No abortions, stillbirths, intrauterine dea...
Source: Archives of Virology - July 11, 2015 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Co-infection of influenza A viruses of swine contributes to effective shuffling of gene segments in a naturally reared pig.
Abstract
Following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, surveillance activities have been accelerated globally to monitor the emergence of novel reassortant viruses. However, the mechanism by which influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) acquire novel gene constellations through reassortment events in natural settings remains poorly understood. To explore the mechanism, we collected 785 nasal swabs from pigs in a farm in Thailand from 2011 to 2014. H3N2, H3N1, H1N1 and H1N2 IAVs-S were isolated from a single co-infected sample by plaque purification and showed a high degree of diversity of the genome. In particular, the H...
Source: Virology - June 23, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Abe H, Mine J, Parchariyanon S, Takemae N, Boonpornprasert P, Ubonyaem N, Patcharasinghawut P, Nuansrichay B, Tanikawa T, Tsunekuni R, Saito T Tags: Virology Source Type: research
Evaluation of the zoonotic potential of a novel reassortant H1N2 swine influenza virus with gene constellation derived from multiple viral sources.
Abstract
In 2011-2012, contemporary North American-like H3N2 swine influenza viruses (SIVs) possessing the 2009 pandemic H1N1 matrix gene (H3N2pM-like virus) were detected in domestic pigs of South Korea where H1N2 SIV strains are endemic. More recently, we isolated novel reassortant H1N2 SIVs bearing the Eurasian avian-like swine H1-like hemagglutinin and Korean swine H1N2-like neuraminidase in the internal gene backbone of the H3N2pM-like virus. In the present study, we clearly provide evidence on the genetic origins of the novel H1N2 SIVs virus through genetic and phylogenetic analyses. In vitro studies...
Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution - June 4, 2015 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Lee JH, Pascua PN, Decano AG, Kim SM, Park SJ, Kwon HI, Kim EH, Kim YI, Kim H, Kim SY, Song MS, Jang HK, Park BK, Choi YK Tags: Infect Genet Evol Source Type: research
