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Neuron-Specific Enolase as a Biomarker: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects.
Authors: Isgrò MA, Bottoni P, Scatena R Abstract Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is known to be a cell specific isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme enolase. In vertebrate organisms three isozymes of enolase, expressed by different genes, are present: enolase α is ubiquitous; enolase β is muscle-specific and enolase γ is neuron-specific. The expression of NSE, which occurs as γγ- and αγ-dimer, is a late event in neural differentiation, thus making it a useful index of neural maturation.NSE is a highly specific marker for neurons and peripheral neuroendocrine cells. As a result of the findings of NSE in specific...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - November 6, 2015 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Thiosulfate Mediates Cytoprotective Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide Against Neuronal Ischemia Stroke
Conclusions The protective effects of H2S are mediated by thiosulfate that is transported across cell membrane by NaS-2 and exerts antiapoptotic effects via persulfidation of caspase-3. Given the established safety track record, thiosulfate may be therapeutic against ischemic brain injury.
Source: JAHA:Journal of the American Heart Association - November 6, 2015 Category: Cardiology Authors: Marutani, E., Yamada, M., Ida, T., Tokuda, K., Ikeda, K., Kai, S., Shirozu, K., Hayashida, K., Kosugi, S., Hanaoka, K., Kaneki, M., Akaike, T., Ichinose, F. Tags: Stroke Source Type: research

PKA Inhibitor H89 (N-2-p-bromocinnamylamino-ethyl-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide) Attenuates Synaptic Dysfunction and Neuronal Cell Death following Ischemic Injury.
Abstract The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which activates prosurvival signaling proteins, has been implicated in the expression of long-term potentiation and hippocampal long-term memory. It has come to light that H89 commonly known as the PKA inhibitor have diverse roles in the nervous system that are unrelated to its role as a PKA inhibitor. We have investigated the role of H89 in ischemic and reperfusion injury. First, we examined the expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and synaptophysin in mouse brain after middle cerebral artery occlusi...
Source: Neural Plasticity - October 11, 2015 Category: Neurology Authors: Song J, Cheon SY, Lee WT, Park KA, Lee JE Tags: Neural Plast Source Type: research

Platelets induce apoptosis via membrane-bound FasL
After tissue injury, both wound sealing and apoptosis contribute to restoration of tissue integrity and functionality. Although the role of platelets (PLTs) for wound closure and induction of regenerative processes is well established, the knowledge about their contribution to apoptosis is incomplete. Here, we show that PLTs present the death receptor Fas ligand (FasL) on their surface after activation. Activated PLTs as well as the isolated membrane fraction of activated PLTs but not of resting PLTs induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in primary murine neuronal cells, human neuroblastoma cells, and mouse embryoni...
Source: Blood - September 17, 2015 Category: Hematology Authors: Schleicher, R. I., Reichenbach, F., Kraft, P., Kumar, A., Lescan, M., Todt, F., Gobel, K., Hilgendorf, I., Geisler, T., Bauer, A., Olbrich, M., Schaller, M., Wesselborg, S., O'Reilly, L., Meuth, S. G., Schulze-Osthoff, K., Gawaz, M., Li, X., Kleinschnitz, Tags: Platelets and Thrombopoiesis, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Source Type: research

Protection of seven dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra chinensis against serum and glucose deprivation injury in SH-SY5Y cells.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of seven dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans of Schisandra chinensis and explore the possible mechanisms in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells exposed on serum and glucose deprivation (SGD) injury. The structure-activity relationships were also analyzed. Cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were determined to evaluate cell injury. Inflammation and apoptosis-related protein levels were detected to elucidate the possible mechanisms. Schisantherin A, schizandrin C and schizandrol B were found to have stronger protective effects than schizandrin A, schizandrin B a...
Source: Cell Biology International - August 20, 2015 Category: Cytology Authors: E Q, Tang M, Zhang X, Shi Y, Wang D, Gu Y, Li S, Liang X, Wang Z, Wang C Tags: Cell Biol Int Source Type: research

Silencing of Id2 attenuates hypoxia/ischemia-induced neuronal injury via inhibition of neuronal apoptosis.
This study was aimed to investigate whether knockdown of Id2 in neuronal cells could protect them from hypoxic and ischemic injury both in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometric analysis was employed to assess neuronal apoptosis in CoCl2-treated neuroblastoma B35 cells engineered to overexpress or knockdown Id2 expression. In vivo knockdown of Id2 was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats by a single intracerebroventricular injection of Cy3-labeled and cholesterol-modified Id2-siRNA. We found that knockdown of Id2 attenuated H/I-induced neuronal apoptosis in vitro while overexpression of Id2 produced an opposite effect. In a rat mo...
Source: Behavioural Brain Research - July 14, 2015 Category: Neurology Authors: Guo L, Yang X, Lin X, Lin Y, Shen L, Nie Q, Ren L, Guo Q, Que S, Qiu Y Tags: Behav Brain Res Source Type: research

Neuroprotective activity of (1S,2E,4R,6R,-7E,11E)-2,7,11-cembratriene-4,6-diol (4R) in vitro and in vivo in rodent models of brain ischemia
In conclusion, the present study indicates that 4R has a protective effect in rodent ischemic stroke models. Inhibition of ICAM-1 expression and restoration of Akt phosphorylation are the possible mechanisms involved in cellular protection by 4R.
Source: Neuroscience - March 5, 2015 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

HspB8 is Neuroprotective during Oxygen Glucose Deprivation and Reperfusion.
In conclusion, our data demonstrated that increased HspB8 expression and its nuclear shift in mouse N2A neuroblastoma cells protected against I/R injury, resulting in reduced apoptosis with the decrease of the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol. Therefore, HspB8 might play a fundamental role in opposing and alleviating I/R injury in primary myocardial cells, and it may constitute a new therapeutic target for cerebral ischemic diseases. PMID: 25557374 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current Neurovascular Research - January 2, 2015 Category: Neurology Authors: Yang B, Zhang H, Mo X, Xiao H, Hu Z Tags: Curr Neurovasc Res Source Type: research

Fibrinogen nitrotyrosination after ischemic stroke impairs thrombolysis and promotes neuronal death
Publication date: Available online 12 December 2014 Source:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease Author(s): Gerard ILL-Raga , Ernest Palomer , Eva Ramos-Fernández , Francesc X. Guix , Mònica Bosch-Morató , Biuse Guivernau , Marta Tajes , Victòria Valls-Comamala , Jordi Jiménez-Conde , Angel Ois , Fernando Pérez-Asensio , Mario Reyes-Navarro , Carolina Caballo , Gabriel Gil-Gómez , Irene López-Vílchez , Ana M. Galán , Francesc Alameda , Ginés Escolar , Carlos Opazo , Anna Planas , Jaume Roquer , Miguel A. Valverde , Francisco J. Muñoz Ischemic stroke is an acute vascular event that c...
Source: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) Molecular Basis of Disease - December 25, 2014 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research

Fibrinogen nitrotyrosination after ischemic stroke impairs thrombolysis and promotes neuronal death.
lanas A, Roquer J, Valverde MA, Muñoz FJ Abstract Ischemic stroke is an acute vascular event that compromises neuronal viability, and identification of the pathophysiological mechanisms is critical for its correct management. Ischemia produces increased nitric oxide synthesis to recover blood flow but also induces a free radical burst. Nitric oxide and superoxide anion react to generate peroxynitrite that nitrates tyrosines. We found that fibrinogen nitrotyrosination was detected in plasma after the initiation of ischemic stroke in human patients. Electron microscopy and protein intrinsic fluorescence showed that...
Source: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - December 12, 2014 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Ill-Raga G, Palomer E, Ramos-Fernández E, Guix FX, Bosch-Morató M, Guivernau B, Tajes M, Valls-Comamala V, Jiménez-Conde J, Ois A, Pérez-Asensio F, Reyes-Navarro M, Caballo C, Gil-Gómez G, López-Vílchez I, Galán AM, Alameda F, Escolar G, Opazo C, Tags: Biochim Biophys Acta Source Type: research

CIIA negatively regulates neuronal cell death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation.
In this study, we showed that CIIA suppressed neuronal cell death induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R), which mimics ischemia and reperfusion in vivo, in neuroblastoma cell lines as well as primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, CIIA inhibited the OGD/R-induced stimulation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and its downstream kinases including c-Jun amino-terminal kinase and p38 kinase, concomitantly blocking ASK1 homo-oligomerization and the binding between ASK1 and TRAF2. CIIA also repressed the OGD/R-induced activation of caspase-3 in neuronal cells. Taken together, our...
Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry - August 7, 2014 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Hwang SG, Shim J, Choi EJ Tags: Mol Cell Biochem Source Type: research

Antioxidative effects of Panax notoginseng saponins in brain cells
Graphical abstract: Abstract: Oxidative stress resulting from accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in cell death associated with neurological disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury. Antioxidant compounds that improve endogenous antioxidant defenses have been proposed for neural protection. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential protective effects of total saponin in leaves of Panax notoginseng (LPNS) on oxidative stress and cell death in brain cells in vitro. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay indicated that LPNS (5μg/ml) reduced H2O2-induced cell d...
Source: Phytomedicine - June 9, 2014 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Ningna Zhou, Yang Tang, Richard F. Keep, Xiaoxia Ma, Jianming Xiang Tags: Neurology Source Type: research

Type-1 interferons contribute to oxygen glucose deprivation induced neuro-inflammation in BE(2)M17 human neuroblastoma cells
Conclusions: This study confirms a role for type-1 IFN signalling in the neuro-inflammatory response following OGD in vitro and suggests its modulation through therapeutic blockade of IFNAR1 may be beneficial in reducing hypoxia-induced neuro-inflammation.
Source: Journal of Neuroinflammation - March 6, 2014 Category: Neurology Authors: Myles MinterMoses ZhangRobert AtesJuliet TaylorPeter Crack Source Type: research

Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Protects Neurons against Ischemic Injury through Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression.
CONCLUSION: Collectively, our results indicate that the neuroprotection of neuron-derived eNOS against the cerebral ischemia was mediated through the regulation of BDNF secretion. In conclusion, our discovery provides a novel explanation for the neuroprotective effect of eNOS under pathological ischemic conditions such as stroke. PMID: 24397751 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics - January 8, 2014 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Li ST, Pan J, Hua XM, Liu H, Shen S, Liu JF, Li B, Tao BB, Ge XL, Wang XH, Shi JH, Wang XQ Tags: CNS Neurosci Ther Source Type: research

Genetic ablation and short-duration inhibition of lipoxygenase results in increased macroautophagy.
Abstract 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is involved in organelle homeostasis by degrading mitochondria in maturing red blood cells and by eliminating excess peroxisomes in liver. Furthermore, 12/15-LOX contributes to diseases by exacerbating oxidative stress-related injury, notably in stroke. Nonetheless, it is unclear what the consequences are of abolishing 12/15-LOX activity. Mice in which the alox15 gene has been ablated do not show an obvious phenotype, and LOX enzyme inhibition is not overtly detrimental. We show here that liver histology is also unremarkable. However, electron microscopy demonstrated that 12...
Source: Experimental Cell Research - November 26, 2013 Category: Cytology Authors: Jang I, Park S, Won Cho J, Yigitkanli K, van Leyen K, Roth J Tags: Exp Cell Res Source Type: research

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