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Drug: Insulin

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Total 1048 results found since Jan 2013.

FOXO transcription factors support oxidative stress resistance in human chondrocytes
Conclusions. Reduced expression of FOXO transcription factors in chondrocytes increased susceptibility to cell death induced by oxidative stress. This was associated with reduced antioxidant proteins and autophagy related proteins. Our data provide evidence for a key role of FOXO transcription factors as regulators of chondrocyte oxidative stress resistance and tissue homeostasis. © 2014 American College of Rheumatology.
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism - September 3, 2014 Category: Rheumatology Authors: Yukio Akasaki, Oscar Alvarez‐Garcia, Masahiko Saito, Beatriz Caramés, Yukihide Iwamoto, Martin K. Lotz Tags: Full Length Source Type: research

Abstract 2286: Regulation of GSK3{beta} axis by combination treatment with TRAIL and Troglitazone in cancer cells
Prostate cancer is estimated to account for 29% of all new cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the United States. Hormonal therapy is the only treatment for advanced forms, but androgen-independence eventually develops in most patients. Developing new treatment strategies are urgently needed, which needs a deeper molecular understanding of the events that lead to tumor progression. TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) has gained much importance recently due to its ability to preferentially induce cell death in malignant and transformed cells. However, since many tumor cells de...
Source: Cancer Research - September 30, 2014 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Majumdar, S., Santha, S., Rana, A., Rana, B. Tags: Molecular and Cellular Biology Source Type: research

Genes, Vol. 5, Pages 1050-1063: Long Non-Coding RNA NEAT1 Associates with SRp40 to Temporally Regulate PPARγ2 Splicing during Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells
We examined NEAT1 RNA levels and its function in 3T3-L1 cells during differentiation to adipocytes. Levels of NEAT1 transcript, measured by RT-PCR, fluctuated in a temporal manner over the course of differentiation that suggested its role in alternative splicing of PPARγ mRNA, the major transcription factor driving adipogenesis. When cells were induced to differentiate by a media cocktail of insulin, dexamethasone, and isobutylmethyxanthine (IBMX) on Day 0, NEAT1 levels dropped on Day 4, when the PPARγ2 variant was spliced and when terminal differentiation occurs The appearance of PPARγ2 coordinates with the PPARγ1 var...
Source: Genes - November 27, 2014 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Denise CooperGay CarterPengfei LiRehka PatelJames WatsonNiketa Patel Tags: Article Source Type: research

High-calorie diet exacerbates prostate neoplasia in mice with haploinsufficiency of Pten tumor suppressor gene
Conclusion High-calorie diet promotes prostate cancer progression in the genetically susceptible Pten haploinsufficient mouse while preserving insulin sensitivity. This appears to be partly due to increased inflammatory response to high-caloric intake in addition to increased ability of insulin to promote lipogenesis. Graphical abstract
Source: Molecular Metabolism - January 3, 2015 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Abstract B50: MEK inhibitors mount a two-pronged attack to kill estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cells undergoing hormonal therapy: Attenuated autophagy and induction of apoptosis
In this study, we hypothesized that the requirement of MEK1/MAPK1/2 for pro-survival autophagy is due, in part, to its role in blocking the intracellular accumulation of dephosphorylated BimEL. To test this hypothesis, we modulated the expression of dephosphorylated BimEL with either a BimEL cDNA expression vector, siRNA targeting of BimEL, or MEK1 blockade with the small molecule inhibitor U0126 and determined the levels of the autophagic flux in ER+ breast cancer cells undergoing antiestrogen treatment. The determination of autophagic flux was made by comparing the levels of two proteins involved in autophagy -the LC3 /A...
Source: Molecular Cancer Research - February 5, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Takhar, S., Manning, M., Eason, A., Dix, M., Periyasamy-Thandavan, S., Padi, R., Bieberich, E., Hill, W., Browning, D., Ganapathy, V., Thangaraju, M., Schoenlein, P. V. Tags: RAS Targeting: Poster Presentations - Proffered Abstracts Source Type: research

Dihydromyricetin improves skeletal muscle insulin resistance by inducing autophagy via the AMPK signaling pathway
In conclusion, DHM improved SMIR by inducing autophagy via the activation of AMPK signaling pathway.
Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology - March 20, 2015 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Ox-LDL Upregulates IL-6 Expression by Enhancing NF-κB in an IGF2-Dependent Manner in THP-1 Macrophages
Abstract Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is well established as a vital factor in determining the risk of coronary heart disease and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Moreover, accumulating evidences have shown that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) can promote IL-6 expression in macrophages. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of how ox-LDL upregulates IL-6 expression remains largely unexplained. We found that the expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and IL-6 was upregulated at both the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in a d...
Source: Inflammation - June 12, 2015 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Abstract 4440: The functional role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 in esophageal adenocarcinoma chemoresistance
Despite improved understanding of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) progression and advances in endoscopic surveillance and multimodality treatment, patients commonly present with advanced stage disease and demonstrate resistance to therapy, with complete response rates below 40%. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of resistance is crucial for predicting and overcoming this resistance.IGFBP2 is a member of the IGFBP family of proteins that has been shown to modulate both insulin growth factor (IGF) and integrin signaling and is a mediator of cell growth, invasion and resistance in other tumor types. Because these pathway...
Source: Cancer Research - August 2, 2015 Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Myers, A. L., Lin, L., Nancarrow, D. J., Wang, Z., Ferrer-Torres, D., Beer, D. G., Chang, A. C. Tags: Experimental and Molecular Therapeutics Source Type: research

In vitro differentiation of mouse brown preadipocytes is enhanced by IGFBP-3 expression and reduced by IGFBP-3 silencing.
CONCLUSIONS: Brown adipocyte growth and differentiation in vitro were affected by the manipulation of IGFBP-3 expression, suggesting that IGFBP-3 is a factor regulating brown adipocyte fate. PMID: 26333724 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Obesity - September 3, 2015 Category: Eating Disorders and Weight Management Authors: Nguyen KH, Mishra S, Nyomba BL Tags: Obesity (Silver Spring) Source Type: research

Small interfering RNA Knock-down of Cannabinoid-1 Receptor (CB1R) for the Treatment or Prevention of Type-2 Diabetes
Endocannabinoids (EC) are lipid signaling molecules that act on the same cannabinoid receptors that recognize and mediate the effects of marijuana. Activation of the EC receptor CB1R has been shown to play a key role in the development of obesity and its metabolic consequences, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Researchers at NIH have now demonstrated in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat model of type-2 diabetes that beta-cell loss is caused by the CB1R-mediated activation of a macrophage-mediated inflammatory response. They have further demonstrated that treatment of ZDF rats with a peripheral CB1R antag...
Source: NIH OTT Licensing Opportunities - September 19, 2013 Category: Research Authors: admin Source Type: research

Expression, Regulation and Functional Assessment of the 80 Amino Acid Small Adipocyte Factor 1 (Smaf1) Protein in Adipocytes.
Abstract The gene for Small Adipocyte Factor 1, Smaf1 (also known as adipogenin, ADIG), encodes a ∼600 base transcript that is highly upregulated during 3T3-L1 in vitro adipogenesis and markedly enriched in adipose tissues. Based on the lack of an obvious open reading frame in the Smaf1 transcript, it is not known if the Smaf1 gene is protein coding or non-coding RNA. Using a peptide from a putative open reading frame of Smaf1 as antigen, we generated antibodies for western analysis. Our studies prove that Smaf1 encodes an adipose-enriched protein which in western blot analysis migrates at ∼10 kDa. Rapid induc...
Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics - September 28, 2015 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Ren G, Eskandari P, Wang S, Smas CM Tags: Arch Biochem Biophys Source Type: research

Analysis of the Role of Insulin Signaling in Bone Turnover Induced by Fluoride.
In conclusion, insulin played the important role in bone lesion induced by excessive amount of fluoride through mediating InR receptor signaling, and IGF1 signaling probably exerted action on bone turnover caused by overdose of fluoride. PMID: 26521058 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Biological Trace Element Research - October 31, 2015 Category: Biology Authors: Liu Q, Liu H, Yu X, Wang Y, Yang C, Xu H Tags: Biol Trace Elem Res Source Type: research

The role of selenium in insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) expression and regulation of apoptosis in mouse osteoblasts.
Abstract Selenium (Se) is an essential component for animals and human beings. The chemoprotective role of Se, via the regulation of the cell cycle, stimulation of apoptosis and activation of some cytokines among others, is well known; however, the comprehensive effects of Se on the expression of IGF-IR and its regulation of apoptosis have not been investigated. Thus the aim of this study was to report on the effects that different concentrations of Se extert on body weight, blood serum IGF-IR levels and histopathology in mice; and on IGF-IR expression, proliferation and apoptosis in mouse osteoblasts. In vivo ex...
Source: Chemosphere - November 17, 2015 Category: Chemistry Authors: Ren G, Ali T, Chen W, Han D, Zhang L, Gu X, Zhang S, Ding L, Fanning S, Han B Tags: Chemosphere Source Type: research

MEK/ERK pathway activation by insulin receptor isoform alteration is associated with the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells in diabetic mice.
Abstract In previous studies, we have reported the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in diabetes mellitus (DM) mice. The insulin receptor (IR) and its downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK also known as MEK)/extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway is a classic pathway associated with cell proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of the MEK/ERK pathway in abnormal proliferation and differentiation of IECs in DM mice. DM mouse models were induced by intraperitoneal injection of strept...
Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry - January 2, 2016 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Ouyang H, Yang HS, Yu T, Shan TD, Li JY, Huang CZ, Zhong W, Xia ZS, Chen QK Tags: Mol Cell Biochem Source Type: research

Cannabinoid receptor type 1 mediates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance by increasing forkhead box O1 activity in a mouse model of obesity.
Abstract Hepatic glucose production is promoted by forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) under conditions of insulin resistance. The overactivity of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) partly causes increased liver fat deposits and metabolic dysfunction in obese rodents by decreasing mitochondrial function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of FoxO1 in CB1R-mediated insulin resistance through the dysregulation of mitochondrial function in the livers of mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. For this purpose, male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to groups and either fed a standard diet (ST...
Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine - January 29, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Chen CC, Lee TY, Kwok CF, Hsu YP, Shih KC, Lin YJ, Ho LT Tags: Int J Mol Med Source Type: research