Allies Against Sexism: The Impact of Men ’s Egalitarian Versus Paternalistic Confrontation on Women’s Empowerment and Well-Being
AbstractMen as advantaged group members can be involved in actions against inequality. But how do women experience men ’s confrontation of sexism? We examine how women perceive men’s egalitarian versus paternalistic confrontation of sexism. We hypothesized that women would be more likely to report empowerment and well-being (i.e., more happiness and less anger) after egalitarian confrontation than after paternal istic confrontation, which should increase their future intention to confront sexism. Using hypothetical scenarios, the results of three studies conducted in Spain, Germany, and Mexico confirmed our hypotheses....
Source: Sex Roles - October 6, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Male, National, and Religious Collective Narcissism Predict Sexism
AbstractResults of three cross-sectional studies indicate that sexism in Poland is associated with collective narcissism —a belief that one’s own group’s (the in-group’s) exaggerated exceptionality is not sufficiently recognized by others—with reference to three social identities: male, religious, and national. In Study 1 (n = 329), male collective narcissism was associated with sexism. This relationship was sequentially mediated by precarious manhood and traditional gender beliefs. In Study 2 (n = 877), Catholic collective narcissism predicted tolerance of violence against women (among men and women) ove...
Source: Sex Roles - October 4, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Interpersonal Sexual Objectification, Fear of Rape, and U.S. College Women ’s Depression
AbstractIn the present study, we extend prior research on objectification theory by integrating fear of rape into a mediation model predicting depression in college women. With a sample of 496 U.S. college women 18–37 years-old, we examined three aspects of fear of rape (taking rape precautions, safety conce rns, and fear of men), along with body shame and appearance anxiety, as potential mediators in the linkage of interpersonal sexual objectification through body surveillance to depression. We found that sexual objectification was associated with more body surveillance, which in turn was related to mo re body shame...
Source: Sex Roles - September 29, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Selfie Editing and Consideration of Cosmetic Surgery Among Young Chinese Women: The Role of Self-Objectification and Facial Dissatisfaction
AbstractResearch reveals significant positive associations between selfie editing and consideration of cosmetic surgery, yet little is known about why this relationship exists. To address this question, the present study investigated the association between selfie editing and consideration of cosmetic surgery among young Chinese women and the mediating effects of self-objectification and facial dissatisfaction. A sample of 589 Chinese undergraduate women completed measures of selfie editing, self-objectification, facial dissatisfaction, and consideration of cosmetic surgery. Results showed that selfie editing was significa...
Source: Sex Roles - September 27, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Does Sex Really Sell? Paradoxical Effects of Sexualization in Advertising on Product Attractiveness and Purchase Intentions
AbstractTo test the “sex sells” assumption, we examined how Italian men and women react to sexualized advertising. Women showed lower product attractiveness and purchase intentions toward products presented with sexualized female models than with neutral ads, whereas men were unaffected by ads’ sexualization (Stu dy 1,n = 251). Study 2 (n = 197) replicated the overall results. Study 3 (n = 198) tested hostile sexism as a moderator as well as negative emotions as a mediator of consumers’ responses. Especially men with higher hostile sexism showed more purchase intentions after viewing female sexualized a...
Source: Sex Roles - September 22, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Drawback of Sexual Empowerment: Perceiving Women as Emancipated but Still as Sexual Objects
AbstractThe belief that sexualization might be used as a source of power for women in Western societies is spreading (Anderson2014; Erchull and Liss2013). The present research aims at evaluating the interpersonal consequences for women endorsing this belief. In three experimental studies with Belgian and French participants (100 college men in Study 1; 135 men in Study 2; 203 women in Study 3), we examine how women who intentionally self-sexualize (i.e., endorse a sex-is-power belief; SIPB) are perceived on four facets of social judgment (i.e., agency, morality, competence, warmth). Furthermore, we compare the perception o...
Source: Sex Roles - September 21, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Motherhood and Maternal Fitness of Mothers Whose Parental Rights Were Terminated in Israel: The Importance of Sexual Heteronormality and Legitimacy
AbstractMotherhood represents a social construct that is given meaning within patriarchal systems of law and custom. The present study analyzes the Israeli legal discourse surrounding motherhood, parenting capacity, and sexual conduct of marginalized women whose parental rights were terminated. It examines how information about a mother ’s sexual heteronormal life style played a role in the construction of her motherhood as maternal unfitness. Drawing from 80 court decisions terminating parental rights, three themes emerged: the bad wife as a marker of the bad mother, “legitimate” sexual life as a pre-condition to de...
Source: Sex Roles - September 4, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Relational Burden of Objectification: Exploring How Past Experiences of Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Are Related to Relationship Competencies
AbstractThe present study examines the associations between past experiences of interpersonal sexual objectification (ISO) on relationship initiation, social withdrawal, and positive relationships (which we refer to as relationship competencies). Consistent with objectification theory, we predicted that ISO would be associated with self-objectification, which would then be associated with body shame, appearance anxiety, and stress. In turn, these negative affect variables would be negatively associated with relationship competencies. Data were collected from 392 U.S. college students (M = 21.42 years,SD = 4.03; ...
Source: Sex Roles - August 28, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
More than the Sum of Its Parts: Intersections of Sexual Orientation and Race as They Influence Perceptions of Group Similarity and Stereotype Content
AbstractAcross two studies conducted in the United States, we apply an intersectional analysis to investigate how the interaction of sexual orientation (gay versus straight) and race (Black versus White) in male groups affect perceptions of inter-group similarity and stereotype content. The intersectionality hypothesis (Hypothesis 1) predicts that the interaction of race and sexual orientation will influence inter-group similarity perceptions and produce unique stereotype content that is not the result of simply adding race stereotypes to sexual orientation stereotypes. The related prototypicality hypothesis (Hypothesis 2)...
Source: Sex Roles - August 23, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Predicting Adolescents ’ Self-Objectification from Sexualized Video Game and Instagram Use: A Longitudinal Study
AbstractA growing body of research has demonstrated negative effects of sexualization in the media on adolescents ’ body image, but longitudinal studies and research including interactive and social media are scarce. The current study explored the longitudinal associations of adolescents’ use of sexualized video games (SVG) and sexualized Instagram images (SII) with body image concerns. Specifically, our st udy examined relations between adolescents’ SVG and SII use and appearance comparisons, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. A sample of 660 German a...
Source: Sex Roles - August 22, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Gendered Brain: Implications of Exposure to Neuroscience Research for Gender Essentialist Beliefs
We examined whether exposure to scientific evidence for gender differences or similarities in the brain affects beliefs about gender essentialism, and indirectly shapes sexism and justification of gender inequality, using samples from Turkey. Study 1 (n = 414 undergraduates) showed that exposure to evidence on brain similarities led to lower gender essentialist beliefs, which, in turn, negatively predicted sexism and justification of gender inequality. Unexpectedly, exposure to evidence on gender differences did not lead to an increase in gend er essentialist beliefs. Although men scored higher than women on all measur...
Source: Sex Roles - August 10, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Gendered Racial Stereotypes and Coaching Intercollegiate Athletic Teams: The Representation of Black and Asian Women Coaches on U.S. Women ’s and Men’s Teams
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the representation of Black and Asian women coaches on women ’s and men’s intercollegiate athletic teams. Through the theoretical lens of gendered racial stereotypes associating Black individuals with masculinity and Asian individuals with femininity, the authors hypothesized that, among women coaches, Black women coaches would be better represented on me n’s teams and Asian women coaches better represented on women’s teams. The authors collected archival data from the National Collegiate Athletics Association’s (NCAA) Demographics Database, including data on the r...
Source: Sex Roles - August 10, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Body Image Comparisons on Social Networking Sites and Chinese Female College Students ’ Restrained Eating: The Roles of Body Shame, Body Appreciation, and Body Mass Index
AbstractBody image comparisons on social networking sites (SNS) have been found to be associated with disordered eating among western young women, however, the inner mechanism driving this association is largely unknown. Based on social comparison, sociocultural, and objectification theories, the present study aimed to investigate the association between body image comparisons on SNS and restrained eating, as well as the mediating role of body shame and the moderating roles of body appreciation and body mass index (BMI) among Chinese young adult women. A sample of 567 Chinese college women were recruited to complete a ques...
Source: Sex Roles - August 10, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Food for Boys and Food for Girls: Do Preschool Children Hold Gender Stereotypes about Food?
AbstractFamily meals are occasions for socializing children to gender roles and the symbolic meaning of food and eating. One of the relevant symbolic meaning of food concerns its gender connotation: Meat, especially red meat, is considered the quintessential male food, whereas fruit, vegetables, dairy, desserts, and fish are considered typical female food. These food-gender associations have been mainly investigated in adulthood; only a few studies involved children. The present study examined preschool children ’s explicit and implicit food-gender stereotypes, their stereotypical food likings, and mothers’ influence i...
Source: Sex Roles - August 2, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Confronting Sexism: Promoting Confrontation Acceptance and Reducing Stereotyping through Stereotype Framing
AbstractRelative to confrontations of other forms of prejudice and stereotyping, confronting gender stereotypes can be challenging, in part, because recipients may be unlikely to accept such feedback. Given the importance of accepting negative feedback in the promotion of reparative efforts, the present research investigated how to frame confrontations of gender stereotyping to be more readily accepted. Across three experiments (131 and 247 U.S. undergraduates; 174 U.S. MTurk workers), we investigated how different framings for confrontations of gender stereotyping, framed as targeting either positive or negative gender...
Source: Sex Roles - July 30, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
