Affirmative Action Policies in Academic Job Advertisements: Do They Facilitate or Hinder Gender Discrimination in Hiring Processes for Professorships?
AbstractEvidence of female-favoring hiring preferences for assistant professorships suggests that universities can implement affirmative action programs successfully. However, research on the role of applicant gender and the actual use of affirmative action policies in hiring processes for high-level professorships remain scarce. A web-based experiment with 481 economic university members assessed whether evaluators perceived a female applicant as less qualified than a male applicant for an associate professorship position when the job advertisement highlighted the university ’s commitment to affirmative action (gender-b...
Source: Sex Roles - November 6, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Understanding Perceptions of Radical and Liberal Feminists: The Nuanced Roles of Warmth and Competence
AbstractIn four studies (N = 1176), we examined whether negativity towards feminists varies based on the specific ideology endorsed: liberal feminism (i.e., the belief that gender equality can be achieved through adequate changes within societies) or radical feminism (i.e., the belief that gender equality can only be ach ieved by reconstructing the whole social system). InStudy 1, college students rated radical female feminists as less warm than liberal female feminists and a control target group (animal rights activists).Study 2 replicated the difference between ratings of radical and liberal feminists with Amazon Me...
Source: Sex Roles - November 3, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Mother Like Mothers and Work Like Fathers: U.S. Heterosexual College Students ’ Assumptions About Who Should Meet Childcare and Housework Demands
AbstractMany U.S. women report balancing competing demands for labor within the family and the workplace. Prior research has found that young adult heterosexual U.S. women are still anticipating doing the majority of their future family ’s childcare and housework, though they hold more progressive gender role attitudes than in the past. The aim of the present study was to investigate the assumptions of 176 heterosexual college students in the U.S. (M age = 20.57, 88.64% European American, 51.70% ciswomen, 48.30% cismen) about how childcare and housework should be balanced in the context of work responsibilities. Par...
Source: Sex Roles - October 28, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Gender Differences in Anti-Gay Prejudice: Evidence for Stability and Change
AbstractIn recent years, there has been remarkable change in societal acceptance of lesbians and gay men. This meta-analysis explored whether this positive shift has reduced the gender difference in these attitudes. We tested Kite and Whitley ’s (1996) gender belief system model and replicated their finding that heterosexual men held more negative attitudes toward gay people (g. = 0.37,k = 245,N = 98,295), gay behavior (g. = 0.22,k = 68,N = 98,734), and gay civil rights (g. = 0.16,k = 80,N = 89,187). We also found that heterosexual men were more likely to report engaging in anti-gay beh...
Source: Sex Roles - October 28, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Bullying in Five European Countries: Evidence for Bringing Gendered Phenomena Under the Umbrella of ‘Sexual Bullying’ in Research and Practice
This study extends on this research through a mixed-methods analysis of the different forms of sexual bullying and the relationships between them across five European nations. Participants were 253 young people (aged 13 –18) from Bulgaria, England, Italy, Latvia and Slovenia. As part of focus groups on sexual bullying, participants individually and anonymously completed a Sexual Bullying Questionnaire (SBQ), comprising closed- and open-ended questions about their experiences of victimisation and bullying their pe ers. Factor analysis identified five forms of sexual bullying victimisation and two forms of sexual bullying ...
Source: Sex Roles - October 27, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Do Scales Measuring Sexist Attitudes have Equivalent Meaning for Sexual Minorities and Majorities?
AbstractAmbivalent Sexism Theory (Glick& Fiske, 1996) has revolutionised understanding of sexism and generated a new way of examining sexist attitudes using the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). One key goal in sexism research is to compare sexist attitudes across different groups, including people with different genders and sexual identities. Before doing so, researchers must be confident that the construct(s) they are comparing are invariant across groups. Given assumptions ofheterosexuality, and the central role of heterosexual interdependence, we expected the ASI would be variant across people with different gen...
Source: Sex Roles - October 26, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Positive Contact with Feminist Women as a Predictor of Feminist Solidarity, Gender Privilege Awareness, and Public and Domestic Support for Gender Equality in Straight Men
AbstractMen can play an important role in supporting gender equality. In the present research, we draw on Intergroup Contact Theory to examine positive intergroup contact with feminist women as one factor that can encourage men to support gender equality. In one cross-sectional study (N = 170) and one half-longitudinal panel study (N = 240), we found that straight men who reported more positive contact with feminist women also reported greater feminist solidarity. Cross-sectional results indicated that straight men’s solidarity with feminists, in turn, predicted more support for gender equality in public and dome...
Source: Sex Roles - October 23, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
“I Think Most of Society Hates Us”: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of Interviews with Incels
AbstractInvoluntary celibates, or “incels,” have received increased public attention in past years, likely as a result of media reports that link incels to incidents of mass violence. Although prior research has examined various elements of the online community, none have directly engaged with incels to understand the causes and effects of their inceldom. Using a hegemonic masculinity framework, this article analyzes data from interviews with incels (N = 10) to identify emergent themes about their situations, attitudes, and experiences. The data reveal that the participants feel that they 1) experience masculinity ...
Source: Sex Roles - October 19, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Postnatal Depression: The Role of “Good Mother” Ideals and Maternal Shame in a Community Sample of Mothers in Australia
This study investigated whether incongruence between mothers’ maternal self-concept and “good mother” ideologies was associated with postnatal depression (PND) symptom severity in women up to 12 months postpartum, and whether these associations were explained by maternal shame. We hypothe sised that a larger discrepancy between women’s maternal self-concept and both their own and sociocultural good mother ideals would be associated with more severe PND symptomology, and that these associations would be mediated by maternal shame. In this cross-sectional study, a community sample of 230 birth mothers with an infant...
Source: Sex Roles - October 16, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Strong Hero or Violent Playboy? Portrayals of Masculinity in Children ’s Animated Movies
AbstractGiven the significant influence of media on the development of children ’s beliefs and attitudes regarding gender, it is important to investigate the portrayal of masculinity in children’s media. This content analysis sought to examine themes of masculinity expressed by male characters in the 30 top-grossing animated movies for children. Results indicated that mascu linity themes were prevalent in children’s animated movies regardless of whether the movies featured humanoid or non-humanoid characters. The most common themes reported across the movies includedviolence,inspires fear, andrisk taking. Although mo...
Source: Sex Roles - October 16, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Benevolent Sexism in the Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP): A Case Study of Texas House Bill 2
AbstractBenevolent sexism takes a subjectively positive view of women in traditional gender roles, revering them as gentle, nurturing, and in need of protection by men. While studies show that people who express attitudes of benevolent sexism are willing to restrict women ’s choices at an individual level, limited research exists on the impact of benevolent sexism in social policy. Using a single-case study method and benevolent sexism as a conceptual framework, I examined the introduction, passage, and legal defense of Texas House Bill 2 (TX HB2), a targeted regul ation of abortion providers (TRAP) law. HB2 was passed b...
Source: Sex Roles - October 12, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Welcome to a Pink and Blue World! An Analysis of Gender-Typed Content in Birth Announcement Cards From 1940 –2019 in the Netherlands
AbstractThere is a longstanding tradition in the Netherlands to announce the birth of a child by sending out birth announcement cards to friends and family. These cards provide a glimpse of the ‘zeitgeist’ over the years regarding gender through the way in which the birth of a son or a daughter is announced. The current study examined the gender-typed content of birth announcement cards from 1940 until 2019. To this end, 4669 birth announcement cards were coded based on the following c ategories: gender of baby, use of color, different types of images, and different types of text. Logistic regression analyses revealed ...
Source: Sex Roles - October 11, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
No Room of her Own: Married Couples ’ Negotiation of Workspace at Home During COVID-19
AbstractThe current study examined the right to a professional workspace and separation between private and public within the home as an arena of gendered negotiation and struggle between spouses working from home during the COVID-19 crisis. Using a qualitative, inductive approach based on grounded theory, we conducted in-depth interviews with fifteen professional couples in Israel about their experiences with working from home and the division of labor and space between spouses. Our analysis revealed three key issues related to these experiences: the division of physical workspace between the spouses, the division of work...
Source: Sex Roles - October 6, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Changes in Mothering Ideology After Childbirth and Maternal Mental Health in French Women
AbstractThe prevailing dominant discourse about motherhood in western societies reflects a set of interconnected beliefs referred to as intensive mothering ideology. Little is known about how intensive mothering ideology changes after childbirth, and the associations between intensive mothering ideology and maternal mental health. The current study aims to explore how intensive mothering ideology may evolve after childbirth in both primiparous and multiparous women, and whether any observed changes in this ideology impact maternal mental health. French women (n = 144) completed a set of study measures during late pregnancy...
Source: Sex Roles - September 22, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Embodied, Situated, and Co-Constructed: Young Sexual Minority Men ’s Experiences of Intersectional Identity and Minority Stress
In this study, we integrated these frameworks to guide a grounded theory examination of identity-related experiences in specific settings among 33 Black, White, and Latino young sexual minority cisgender men who lived in Chicago. Analyses identified four key categories: Racism Manifests in Context- and Sexual Minority-Specific Ways, Sexual Orientation Can Mean Feeling Safe and Seen or Threatened and Alone, Gender is a Matter of Self-Expression, and Bodies Are Not Always Made to Fit In. Participants reported both identity-based privilege and marginalization as well as unique forms of minority stress at the intersection of s...
Source: Sex Roles - September 14, 2021 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
