Improvement of beauvericin production by Fusarium oxysporum AB2 under solid-state fermentation using an optimised liquid medium and co-cultures
AbstractThe production of beauvericin (BEA) byFusarium oxysporum AB2 in liquid medium (SmF) was compared to that on solid medium (SSF) on inert support (polyurethane foam or PUF), using a previously optimised medium. The analysis included two different concentrations of the medium (1 × and 3 ×). Under SSF, the production of BEA (22.8 mg·L−1) was higher relative to SmF (0.8 mg·L−1). The production increased proportionally in the concentrated medium (3 ×) (65.3 mg·L−1); using the concentrated medium in SmF, the production of BEA was completely inhibited, although more biomass was produced. The peak ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 30, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Biomonitoring of ochratoxin A, 2 ′R-ochratoxin A and citrinin in human blood serum from Switzerland
In this study, biomarkers of ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) exposure were determined in a large number of serum samples from healthy blood donors in Switzerland. In 2019, 700 samples from different regions were obtained. From 240 donors, a second sample (taken 2 –9 months later) was available for analysis. Moreover, 355 blood donor samples from 2005 from all regions in Switzerland and 151 additional samples from the southern Swiss region of Ticino from 2005 could be analysed.OTA, 2 ′R-ochratoxin A (2′R-OTA), ochratoxin alpha (OTα), CIT and dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) were analysed using validated targeted meth...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 20, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
About Alternaria toxins in cocoa and chocolate products —method development and monitoring of alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid
AbstractA quick and selective analytical method was developed via LC –MS/MS for the simultaneous quantitation of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) which belong to the large group of secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the genusAlternaria. Cocoa is susceptible to a number of toxin-producing microorganisms, includingAspergillus andPenicillium species. The method relies on a single-step extraction, followed by an easy clean up, dilution of the raw extract and direct analysis. To assess whether cocoa and chocolate products can be a source ofAlternaria toxins, a monitoring ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 18, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Development of analytical methods to study the effect of malting on levels of free and modified forms of Alternaria mycotoxins in barley
AbstractA liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC –MS/MS) multi-mycotoxin method was developed for the analysis of theAlternaria toxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin I (ATX I), altertoxin II (ATX II), alterperylenol (ALTP), and altenuene (ALT), as well as the modified toxins AOH-3-glucoside (AOH-3-G), AOH-9-glucoside (AOH-9-G), AME-3-glucoside (AME-3-G), AOH-3-sulfate (AOH-3-S), and AME-3-sulfate (AME-3-S) in barley and malt. The toxin tenuazonic acid (TeA) was anal yzed separately as it could not be included into the multi-mycotoxin method. Quantitation w...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 8, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Fungal species and mycotoxins in mouldy spots of grass and maize silages in Austria
This study represents a first assessment of the fungal diversity in mouldy silage in Austria and highlights its potential role as a substantial contributor to contamination with complex mycotoxin mixtures in cattle diets. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 26, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Preliminary sampling of aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw milk from dairy farms using feed ingredients from Rwanda
AbstractMilk is susceptible to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination when dairy cattle consume feed contaminated with aflatoxins and is considered as a public health concern. This pilot study assessed the prevalence and amount of total aflatoxin contamination in commercially available dairy feed and the corresponding AFM1 contamination in raw milk from samples collected at farms using local, commercially available dairy feed across Rwanda ’s five provinces. The inclusion criteria to select dairy farm participants were (1) to have at least two cows and (2) use of commercially prepared dairy feeds. Importantly, the majority of...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 26, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
How does multiannual plastic mulching in strawberry cultivation influence soil fungi and mycotoxin occurrence in soil?
This study confirmed the in situ production of mycotoxins in soil, which seems mainly triggered by field treatment (fungicide application) and plant growth stage (establishment period) rather than on mulching type. Further investigations are necessary to better understand the influence of different agricultural practices and soil types on the production and fate of mycotoxins. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 22, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Formation of B- and M-group aflatoxins and precursors by Aspergillus flavus on maize and its implication for food safety
In conclusion, based on the study results, the monitoring of O-methylsterigmatocystin and aspertoxin as well as M-group aflatoxins in food is recommended. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 15, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Investigation of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A contamination of seized cannabis and cannabis resin samples
AbstractRecreational cannabis is being legalized in more and more countries, and methods for the determination of contaminants, thereunder mycotoxins, start to emerge in scientific literature. On the other hand, cannabis continues being available on the illegal market without any quality control at all. Today, no information about mycotoxin contamination of illegal cannabis is available in literature. Therefore, in order to increase knowledge about mycotoxin contamination of cannabis, aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were analyzed in 142 samples of illegal cannabis seized on the local market using a method based on H...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 14, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Fusaric acid detoxification: a strategy of Gliocladium roseum involved in its antagonism against Fusarium verticillioides
AbstractFungal co-culture has several biotechnological applications including the discovery or the enhanced production of secondary metabolites. It is also a powerful tool aiding to elucidate the involvement of secondary metabolism in fungus-fungus interactions. The aim of this work was to investigate secondary metabolites produced whenFusarium verticillioides is co-cultured withGliocladium roseum. Secreted metabolites were analyzed by HPLC –MS, and fusaric acid (FA) was quantified by HPLC–DAD. Four FA derivatives were identified only in theF. verticillioides-G. roseum co-culture. Mass spectrometry and one- and two-dim...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 13, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Subchronic exposure of individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin selectively affects the expression of rat renal organic cation transporters
AbstractOchratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) are nephrotoxins found co-occurring in various human/animal food/feed and recognized as a health threat. However, most studies investigate individual effects and neglect their combined nephrotoxic effects in mammals. Previous studies have indicated that organic anion/cation transporters (OATs/OCTs) localized in renal proximal tubules mediate the transport of OTA and CIT. Still, little is known about the in vivo effects of individual/combined OTA and CIT on protein localization/expression of OCTs, physiologically/pharmacologically important renal transporters. Here, we used West...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 13, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Camelization of a murine single-domain antibody against aflatoxin B1 and its antigen-binding analysis
In this study, to avoid the dependence on the large animals, the camelized, murine antibody (cVHs) against AFB1 was prepared in vitro based on the identities between murine VH and camelid VHH and then to develop an immunoassay for AFB1. A murine anti-AFB1 VH fragment (VH-2E6) was selected for camelization through replacement of conserved hydrophobic residues in framework region 2 (FR2) (cVH-FR2), point mutation at position 103 in the FR4 region (cVH-103), and CDR3-grafted with a high AFB1-affinity VHH (cVH-Nb26). The cVH-Nb26 had a yield of 5 mg/L as refolded protein expressed fromEscherichia coli and 10 mg/L expressed...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 13, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Production of type-B trichothecenes by Fusarium meridionale, F. graminearum, and F. austroamericanum in wheat plants and rice medium
In this study, we evaluated the production of trichothecenes Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), and nivalenol (NIV) byFusarium meridionale,F. austroamericanum, andF. graminearum grown in wheat plants and rice medium.Fusarim meridionale was efficient only in the production of NIV (production range (pr) from 1340 to 2864 µg kg−1 in wheat plant), andF. austroamericanum in the production of 3-AcDON (pr from 50 to 192 µg kg−1 in wheat plant, and from 986 to 7045 µg kg−1 in rice medium) and DON (pr from 4076 to 13,701 µg kg−1 in wheat plant, and fro...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 10, 2022 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Growth and toxin production of phomopsin A and ochratoxin A forming fungi under different storage conditions in a pea (Pisum sativum) model system
AbstractPhomopsins are mycotoxins mainly infesting lupines, with phomopsin A (PHOA) being the main mycotoxin. PHOA is produced byDiaporthe toxica, formerly assigned as toxigenicPhomopsis leptostromiformis, causing infections in lupine plants and harvested seeds. However,Diaporthe species may also grow on other grain legumes, similar toAspergillus westerdijkiae as an especially potent ochratoxin A (OTA) producer. Formation of PHOA and OTA was investigated on whole field peas as model system to assess fungal growth and toxin production at adverse storage conditions. Field pea samples were inoculated with the two fungal strai...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 18, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Analysis of the competitiveness between a non-aflatoxigenic and an aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strain on maize kernels by droplet digital PCR
AbstractNon-aflatoxigenicAspergillus flavus strains are used as a biocontrol system on maize fields to decrease the aflatoxin biosynthesis of aflatoxigenicA. flavus strains.A. flavus strain AF36 was the first commercially available biocontrol strain and is authorized for use on maize fields by the US Environmental Protection Agency, e.g., in Texas and Arizona. A droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay was developed to analyze the mechanisms of competition and interaction of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenicA. flavus strains. This assay enables the parallel identification and quantification of the biocontrol strainA. flavus AF3...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 15, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
