Alterations in global DNA methylation and metabolism-related genes caused by zearalenone in MCF7 and MCF10F cells
AbstractZearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced byFusarium fungi. ZEN has endocrine disruptor effects and could impair the hormonal balance. Here, we aimed at investigating possible effects of ZEN on metabolism-related pathways and its relation to epigenetic mechanisms in breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and breast epithelial (MCF10F) cells. Using the MTT and neutral red uptake (NRU) cell viability tests, IC50 values of ZEN after 24 h were found to be 191 μmol/L and 92.6 μmol/L in MCF7 cells and 67.4 μmol/L and 79.5 μmol/L in MCF10F cells. A significant increase on global levels of 5-methyl...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 4, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
The first in vivo application of synthetic polymers based on methacrylic acid as an aflatoxin sorbent in an animal model
This study attempts to evaluate the potential aflatoxin binder activity of a molecularly imprinted polymer (TMU95) synthesized to target the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) analog molecule in comparison to a commercial toxin binder (CTB). Adsorption experiments were carried out to assess the ability to bind to AFB1 at various pH values. The strength of binding was investigated by the chemisorption index. The isothermal analysis was used to determine the maximum adsorption capacity values. The ability of TMU95 and CTB to adsorb essential minerals was evaluated and the obtained data suggested that CTB would significantly reduce availabi...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 3, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Coordination of mycotoxins with lanthanides in luminescent complexes
AbstractThe ability of several chelating mycotoxins to form coordination complexes with the lanthanide metals europium and terbium was explored. The mycotoxins examined included ochratoxin A, citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), kojic acid, and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Of these compounds, TeA and CPA resulted in the greatest luminescence. Parameters influencing luminescence of TeA were investigated further. These included the type of lanthanide and its concentration, certain environmental factors, and the effect of competing metal cations. Of the two lanthanide metals, the terbium coordination complex (TeA-Tb3+) showed greate...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 3, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Frequency and levels of aflatoxin M 1 in urine of children in Bogota, Colombia
AbstractA study was conducted to investigate the frequency and levels of AFM1 and AFM2 in urine from children who attended the emergency service of a pediatric referral hospital in Bogota, Colombia. A survey on the consumption of foods likely to be a source of aflatoxins and on sociodemographic variables was conducted as well. The frequency of AFM1 in urine was found to be 41.7% with an average concentration in positive samples of 16 pg mL−1 ± 10.7 pg mL−1 (range> LOD–48.5 pg mL−1). The presence of AFM1 in the urine was related to the consumption of cereals likely to be contaminated with AFB1, esp...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 25, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Matrix binding of T-2 toxin: structure elucidation of reaction products and indications on the fate of a relevant food-borne toxin during heating
This study deals with the influence of food matrix components on the degradation of the mycotoxins T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and with the binding of T-2 to starch during thermal food processing. Both mycotoxins were heated in a simulated food environment and subsequently analyzed via HPLC-HRMS to generate degradation curves and to draw conclusions regarding the thermal degradation under food processing conditions. Thermal degradation increased generally with increasing time and temperature with a maximum degradation rate of 93% (T-2) and 99% (HT-2). Furthermore, HRMS data were exploited to screen the samples fo...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 21, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Fungal diversity and mycotoxin distribution in echinoderm aquaculture
In this study, samples of feed (n = 7) and water (n = 8) or water filters (n = 4) from experimental aquaculture systems, producing sea urchin and sea cucumber, were analyzed by culture-based microbiological methods to assess fungal associations. Additionally, a search using molecular techniques for toxigenic sections within the genusAspergillus in these materials was done. Finally, samples were analyzed for 37 mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS. In feed samples,Fusarium verticillioides andF. culmorum were detected. In water and water filter samples,Aureobasidium spp.,Penicillium spp., andCladosporium spp. were found. No ge...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 21, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
In vitro adsorption of aflatoxin B 1 , ochratoxin A, and zearalenone by micronized grape stems and olive pomace in buffer solutions
AbstractThis work characterizes the adsorption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN) by dry micronized olive pomace (OliPom) and grape stems (GrapStem). Their performance was compared with that of three other materials, activated carbon (ActCarb), bentonite (Bent), and a commercial product (ComProd). Experiments were conducted in vitro at several pH values using buffer solutions. For OTA and ZEA, the strongest adsorbent was ActCarb, with 5 mg/mL being sufficient to bind> 99% of all the mycotoxins. For AFB1, ComProd and Bent were the most effective adsorbents, as 0.5 mg/mL bound> ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 20, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Feeding study for the mycotoxin zearalenone in yellow mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor ) larvae —investigation of biological impact and metabolic conversion
AbstractEdible insects as additional food and/or feed source may represent one important component to solve the problem of food security for a growing human population. Especially for covering the rising demand for protein of animal origin, seven insect species currently allowed as feed constituents in the European Union are gaining more interest. However, before considering insects such as yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) as suitable for, e.g. human consumption, the possible presence and accumulation of contaminants must be elucidated. The present work investigates the effects of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) a...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 12, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Aflatoxin production and in vitro toxicity of Aspergilli section Flavi isolated from air samples collected from different environments
AbstractAspergilli sectionFlavi, originally isolated from air samples collected from inhabited apartments (AP), unoccupied basements (BS), and processing facilities of a grain mill (GM), were analyzed for their potential to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on solid media. The isolates were further characterized with regard to their cytotoxic, genotoxic, and pro-inflammatory properties in vitro. Aspergilli were identified based on partial calmodulin (CaM) gene sequencing; the producing capacities of isolates were analyzed by HPLC/FLD and confirmed by genes in biosynthesis (aflR,norA,omtA). In the grain mill, the Aspergilli secti...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 11, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Frequency and levels of mycotoxins in beer from the Mexican market and exposure estimate for deoxynivalenol mycotoxins
AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of 23 mycotoxins in beer purchased in Mexico and to assess two exposure scenarios in the Mexican population through beer consumption. Multi-mycotoxin analysis of a total of 61 different beers (132 samples) was carried out using UHPLC-MS/MS equipment. Probability density functions were used to describe mycotoxins contamination. The daily intake of mycotoxins was estimated using a semi-probabilistic approach, applying the Monte Carlo method. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON)) were...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 10, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Effects of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol on parameters associated with oxidative stress in HepG2 cells
In conclusion, parameters of stres s evaluation presented in this study (ROS and LPO), revealed increases in HepG2 cells exposed to DON, 3-ADON, and 15-ADON either individually or combined. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 26, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Aflatoxin in maize: a review of the early literature from “moldy-corn toxicosis” to the genetics of aflatoxin accumulation resistance
AbstractAflatoxin is a potent toxin produced byAspergillus flavus Link:Fr, an opportunistic ear-rot pathogen of maize (Zea mays L. subsp.Mays). Prior to the discovery of aflatoxin,A. flavus was considered a minor pathogen and was not a priority for maize breeders or pathologists. Aflatoxin was discovered in England in 1961 following an epidemic in poultry. By the early 1970s, surveys of agricultural commodities in the USA found that maize produced in the Southeast was especially vulnerable to aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxin contamination was initially treated as a post-harvest issue, but pre-harvest contamination was pr...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 7, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
The impact of chlorophyllin on deoxynivalenol transport across jejunum mucosa explants obtained from adult pigs
In conclusion, the results confirm the negative effect of DON on pig jejunum mucosa. However, the toxic effect of DON was observed only when it was used in relatively high doses. A promising adsorbent agent, CHL, failed to reduce the intensity of DON transport across intestine under in vitro conditions. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 2, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
First report of Fusarium foetens as a mycotoxin producer
AbstractFusarium foetens, a pathogen ofBegonia plants, has been recently described as a new fungal species. ThisFusarium species causes a destructive vascular wilt disease which leads to the death of the plant. Moreover,Fusarium species are known to produce a huge variety of secondary metabolites such as mycotoxins and phytotoxins. Here, we studied the toxicogenic profile of oneF. foetens strain, isolated from maize, employing two methods based on the use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry-ion trap-time of flight detection. The mycotoxins beauvericin and fusaric acid were detected in a ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 31, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Transgenic versus conventional corn: fate of fumonisins during industrial dry milling
AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the fate of fumonisins in transgenic and non-transgenic corn during industrial dry milling. For this purpose, whole corn samples and their fractions (germ, pericarp, endosperm, corn meal, and grits) were collected from one of the major Brazilian milling plants, totaling 480 samples. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between mean fumonisin (FB1 + FB2) levels in transgenic (1130 μg/kg) and non-transgenic (920 μg/kg) whole corn. However, in non-transgenic germ, endosperm and corn meal fraction fumonisin levels were higher (2940 μg/kg, 250 μg/kg and 190...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 31, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
