Aflatoxin M 1 contamination of raw cow ’s milk in five regions of Kosovo during 2016
AbstractDuring February and August 2016 (winter and summer season), 192 samples of raw bulk tank milk have been collected from small dairy farms in five different regions of Kosova (Prishtina, Prizren, Peja, Mitrovica, and Gjilan). These samples were analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination level by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC –ESI–MS/MS). The limit of quantification for AFM1 was 0.02 μg/L and recovery at 0.1–0.5 μg/L was 90–95% (coefficient of variation 15–25%). A total of 74 milk samples (38%) were ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 18, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Development of a droplet digital PCR assay for population analysis of aflatoxigenic and atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus mixtures in soil
AbstractAflatoxin B1 is a potent hepatotoxin and carcinogen that poses a serious safety hazard to both humans and animals.Aspergillus flavus is the most common aflatoxin-producing species on corn, cotton, peanuts, and tree nuts. Application of atoxigenic strains to compete against aflatoxigenic strains ofA. flavus has emerged as one of the most practical strategies for ameliorating aflatoxin contamination in food. Genes directly involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis are clustered on an 82-kb region of the genome. Three atoxigenic strains (CA12, M34, and AF123) were each paired with each of four aflatoxigenic strains (CA28, CA...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 26, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Stachybotrychromenes A –C: novel cytotoxic meroterpenoids from Stachybotrys sp.
AbstractIn the course of gaining new insights into the secondary metabolite profile of variousStachybotrys strains, in particular concerning triprenyl phenol-like compounds, so far, unknown metabolites with analogous structural features were discovered. Three novel meroterpenoids containing a chromene ring moiety, namely stachybotrychromenes A –C, were isolated from solid culture of the filamentous fungusStachybotrys chartarum DSMZ 12880 (chemotype S). Their structures were elucidated by means of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis (1D and 2D NMR, ESI-HRMS, and CD) as well as by comparison with spectroscopic data of str...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 16, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in brewing barley grains from Brazil
In this study, the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in brewing barley were determined using a LC-MS/MS method. A survey was conducted in 2015 to estimate the mycotoxin levels in these products (n = 76) from four crop regions in Brazil. The results showed high levels of DON and ZEN in the analyzed samples, with contamination levels of 94 and 73.6%, respectively. The mean levels of DON and ZEN ranged from 1700 to 7500 μg/kg and from 300 to 630 μg/kg, respectively. Barley samples from regions 1 and 2 presented higher levels of ZEN and DON, respectively, and those from region 4 presented lower level...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 9, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Glucosylation of T-2 and HT-2 toxins using biotransformation and chemical synthesis: Preparation, stereochemistry, and stability
AbstractPlant-derived phase II metabolites of T-2 toxin (T2) and HT-2 toxin (HT2) were first described in 2011 and further characterized in the following years. Since then, some efforts have been made to understand their biosynthesis, occurrence, toxicity, toxicokinetics, and finally relevance for consumers. Thus, the probably most important question is whether and how these metabolites contribute to toxicity upon hydrolysis either during food processing or the gastrointestinal passage. To answer this question, firstly, knowledge on the correct stereochemistry of T2 and HT2 glucosides is important as this affects hydrolysi...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 6, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
First report of an atypical new Aspergillus parasiticus isolates with nucleotide insertion in aflR gene resembling to A. sojae
AbstractAflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced primarily by the filamentous fungiAspergillus flavus andAspergillus parasiticus and cause toxin contamination in food chain worldwide.Aspergillus oryzae andAspergillus sojae are highly valued as koji molds in the traditional preparation of fermented foods, such as miso, sake, and shoyu. Koji mold species are generally perceived of as being nontoxigenic and are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Fungal isolates were collected from a California orchard and a few were initially identified to beA. sojae usingβ-tubulin gene sequences blasted against...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 20, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Large-scale total synthesis of 13 C 3 -labeled citrinin and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone
AbstractThe analysis of the nephrotoxic mycotoxin citrinin in food, feed, and physiological samples is still challenging. Nowadays, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is the method of choice for achieving low limits of detection. But matrix effects can present impairments for this method. Stable isotope dilution analysis can prevent some of these problems. Therefore, a stable isotopically labeled standard of citrinin for use in stable isotope dilution analysis was synthesized on large scale. The improved diastereoselective total synthetic strategy offered the possibility to introduce three13C-labels in tw...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 13, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Antibody response of growing German Holstein bulls to a vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is influenced by Fusarium toxin exposure in a non-linear fashion
AbstractTheFusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a frequent contaminant of feedstuffs and is supposed to interfere with immune responses. As the relevance for growing bulls is less clear than for other livestock, the trial was designed according to the dose-response principal with a control group fed a diet with background contamination (CON, 0.36 mg DON per kilogram dry matter [DM]) and three groups with increasing concentrations of DON (mg/kg DM); FUS I, 3.01; FUS II, 5.66; FUS III, 8.31. Half of each treatment group was vaccinated against BVDV at days 1 and 21 of the 70 days lasting experiment. Sequential blood samp...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 7, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Dietary deoxynivalenol does not affect mineral element accumulation in breast and thigh muscles of broiler chicken
In conclusion, DON at a level of 10 mg/kg feed to broiler chicken over of 5 weeks did not alter the macro or micro element composition in muscle meat. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 8, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Monitoring of ochratoxin A and ochratoxin-producing fungi in traditional salami manufactured in Northern Italy
AbstractFungi have a crucial role in the correct maturation of salami, but special attention should be addressed to the production of the nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, and carcinogenic mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA). In a monitoring study conducted in Northern Italy, OTA was detected by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in 13 out 133 samples of traditional salami (9.8% of the total count). Mycological analysis of these samples yielded 247 fungal isolates which were identified to species level. The most frequent species werePenicillium nalgiovense,P. solitum, andP. chrysogenum.P. nordicum, an OTA-producing spec...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 3, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Exposure of pregnant sows to deoxynivalenol during 35 –70 days of gestation does not affect pathomorphological and immunohistochemical properties of fetal organs
AbstractIn order to evaluate the influence of deoxynivalenol (DON) on histomorphological and immunohistochemical parameters in the development of porcine fetuses, five pregnant sows were fed a control diet (0.15 mg DON/kg diet) and seven sows a contaminated diet (4.42 mg DON/kg diet) between days 35 and 70 of gestation. On day 70, fetuses were delivered by caesarean section and sows and fetuses were euthanized. Tissue samples of three fetuses from each sow were collected, fixed in formalin, and processed routinely for light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. At necropsy, no macroscopic lesions were observed in any org...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 29, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Multimycotoxin analysis of South African Aspergillus clavatus isolates
AbstractAspergillus clavatus poisoning is a neuromycotoxicosis of ruminants that occurs sporadically across the world after ingestion of infected feedstuffs. Although various toxic metabolites are synthesized by the fungus, it is not clear which specific or group of mycotoxins induces the syndrome.A. clavatus isolates were deposited in the culture collection of the Biosystematics Division, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council during incidences of livestock poisoning (1988 –2016). Six isolates were still viable and these plus three other South African isolates that were also previously deposi...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 13, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Enniatin B and ochratoxin A in the blood serum of workers from the waste management setting
AbstractThe waste management occupational environment is recognized by the simultaneous presence of several substances and biologic agents. Therefore, workers are exposed simultaneously to multiple contaminants. Occupational exposure to aflatoxin B1 in one Portuguese waste sorting plant was already reported. However, besides this mycotoxin, data regarding fungal contamination showed that exposure to other mycotoxins could be expected. A study was developed to analyze if exposure to other mycotoxins besides aflatoxin B1 was occurring in the workers from the waste sorting plant previously assessed and to discuss how these fi...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 29, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Reducing production of fumonisin mycotoxins in Fusarium verticillioides by RNA interference
AbstractThe fungusFusarium verticillioides is a maize pathogen that can produce fumonisin mycotoxins in ears under certain environmental conditions. Because fumonisins pose health risks to humans and livestock, control strategies with minimal risk to the environment are needed to reduce fumonisin contamination. Host-induced gene silencing is a promising technique in which double-stranded RNA expressed in the plant host is absorbed by an invading fungus and down-regulates genes critical for pathogenicity or mycotoxin production in the fungus. A key preliminary step of this technique is identification of DNA segments within ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 22, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
The mycoestrogen zearalenone in Portuguese flowing waters and its potential environmental impact
This study provides the first environmental risk assessment (ERA) for zearalenone (ZEN), the only known mycoestrogen, based on a broad-scale investigation on its occurrence in rivers and creeks from Portugal. Water sample filtration and immunoaffinity columns (IAC) clean-up followed by liquid chromatograph with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MSn) provided an analytical method with good analytical performance. ZEN levels were determined for seven Portuguese rivers and one creek, during two different seasons, in a total of 38 samples collected upstream wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Overall, 23.7% were contaminated with ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 21, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
