Efficacy of metabolites of a Streptomyces strain (AS1) to control growth and mycotoxin production by Penicillium verrucosum , Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus fumigatus in culture
The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of metabolites of aStreptomyces strain AS1 on (a) spore germination, (b) mycelial growth, (c) control of mycotoxins produced byPenicillium verrucosum (ochratoxin A, OTA),Fusarium verticillioides (fumonisins, FUMs) andAspergillus fumigatus (gliotoxin) and (d) identify the predominant metabolites involved in control. Initial screening showed that theStreptomyces AS1 strain was able to inhibit the mycelial growth of the three species at a distance, due to the release of secondary metabolites. A macroscopic screening system showed that the overall Index of Dominance a...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 19, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Detoxifying deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated feedstuff: consequences of sodium sulphite (SoS) treatment on performance and blood parameters in fattening pigs
AbstractA 10-week feeding experiment was carried out examining the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated maize treated with different sodium sulphite (SoS) concentrations on performance, health and DON-plasma concentrations in fattening pigs. Two maize batches were used: background-contaminated (CON, 0.73 mg/kg maize) andFusarium-toxin contaminated (DON, 44.45 mg/kg maize) maize. Both were wet preserved at 20% moisture content, with one of three (0.0, 2.5, 5.0 g/kg maize) sodium sulphite concentrations and propionic acid (15%). Each maize batch was then mixed into a barley-wheat-based diet at a proportion of 10%...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 19, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Preliminary study on the relationship between aflatoxin-bovine serum albumin adducts in blood and aflatoxin M1 levels in milk of dairy cows
This study indicates that aflatoxin-albumin adducts could be used as a measure of chronic aflatoxin exposure in dairy cattle. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 16, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Mycotoxins in blood and urine of Swedish adolescents —possible associations to food intake and other background characteristics
In conclusion, exposure to mycotoxins in Swedish adolescents is common, but fortunately, high exposure was rare. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 13, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Sterigmatocystin moderately induces oxidative stress in male Wistar rats after short-term oral treatment
This study aimed to explore involvement of oxidative stress in sterigmatocystin (STC) toxicity in male Wistar rats. Animals were orally treated with a single STC dose (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg b.w.). Short-term treatment resulted in moderate oxidative stress determined by a significant increase of malondialdehyde (MDA; all STC doses) and catalase (CAT; 10 mg/kg b.w.) in plasma, a decrease of glutathione peroxidase (GPx; 20 and 40 mg/kg b.w.) in the liver, and increase of MDA and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in kidneys (all STC doses). Heat shock protein (Hsp27 and Hsp70) expression was determined by Western blotting in rat li...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 12, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Effect of temperature on growth, gene expression, and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus nomius isolated from Brazil nuts
AbstractAspergillus nomius is a potent producer of aflatoxins B and G and is one of the most common species of fungi found in Brazil nuts. Temperature is considered a major abiotic factor that influences fungal colonization and aflatoxin production in nuts during pre- and post-harvest. Therefore, assessment of the response of aflatoxigenic species to different temperatures is important to add information about the understanding of aflatoxin production byAspergillus nomius and may help in the development of new strategies to prevent aflatoxin contamination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature (25...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 10, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Fungal and chemical diversity in hay and wrapped haylage for equine feed
AbstractThe presence of fungi and mycotoxins in silage (fermented maize) for cattle and other ruminants have been studied extensively compared to wrapped haylage (fermented grass) for horses and other monogastric animals. The purpose of this work was to examine the fungal diversity of wrapped haylage and conventional hay and to analyse the forage sample for fungal metabolites. Faeces samples were also analysed to study the fate of fungi and metabolites. Fungal diversity of the samples was determined by direct plating on DG18, V8 and MEA and chemical analyses were done using LC-MS/MS. The results show thatSordaria fimicola ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 26, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Pseudomonas simiae effects on the mycotoxin formation by fusaria and alternaria in vitro and in a wheat field
AbstractFluorescent pseudomonads colonizing wheat ears have a high antagonistic potential against phytopathogenic fungi. To check this hypothesis, the bacterial antagonistPseudomonas simiae 9rif+/kan+ was spray-inoculated onto the ears of winter wheat in a locally demarcated experimental field plot.Fusarium andAlternaria fungi naturally occurring on the ears and the formation of their mycotoxins in the ripe grains were investigated. Inoculated bacteria were recovered from the plants in the inoculation cell, but not in the untreated neighboring plots or in the air above the plants. Growth of fusaria and alternaria on the ea...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 20, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Enterococcus faecium : a promising protective culture to control growth of ochratoxigenic moulds and mycotoxin production in dry-fermented sausages
AbstractMoulds positively contribute to the development of typical characteristic flavour and aroma of dry-fermented sausages. However, some mould species, such asPenicillium nordicum andPenicillium verrucosum, may contaminate this product with ochratoxin A (OTA). For this reason, the control of toxigenic moulds is needed. Strategies based on the use of antifungal microorganisms present in the native microbial population in the dry-fermented sausage processing could be a promising strategy. The aim of this work was to study the effect ofEnterococcus faecium strains onP. nordicum andP. verrucosum growth and OTA production i...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 10, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Effect of ensiling duration on the fate of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and their derivatives in maize silage
This study assessed the time course effects during ensiling of forage maize on the fate ofFusarium mycotoxins, using laboratory-scale silos and artificially contaminated raw material. A multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography –high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method was used to determine the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and their derivatives DON-3-glucoside, 3-acetyl-DON, 15-acetyl-DON, deepoxy-DON, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol. A significant increase of DON was observed during ensili ng, whereas the levels of DON-3-glucoside and its acetylated forms proportionally decreased. In contrast,...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 7, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Potential adverse effects on animal health and performance caused by the addition of mineral adsorbents to feeds to reduce mycotoxin exposure
AbstractThe contamination of feed with mycotoxins is a continuing feed quality and safety issue, leading to significant losses in livestock production and potential human health risks. Consequently, various methods have been developed to reduce the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed; however, feed supplementation with clay minerals or mineral adsorbents is the most prominent approach widely practiced by farmers and the feed industry. Due to a negatively charged and high surface area, pore volume, swelling ability, and high cation exchange capacity, mineral adsorbents including bentonite, zeolite, montmorillonite, and hydrate...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 12, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
A multi-year survey of mycotoxins and ergosterol in Canadian oats
AbstractCanadian oat harvest samples, deliveries to processors, and train shipments from primary elevators were collected from mid-2014 through mid-2017 and analyzed for 26 mycotoxins and the fungal biomarker ergosterol. Of the 26 mycotoxins, 7 were not detected in any sample. The most frequently measured mycotoxins were beauvericin (in over 95% of samples analyzed), followed by tentoxin, culmorin, alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, and deoxynivalenol. Median concentrations of theFusarium-produced mycotoxins ranged from 68 to 1142 μg/kg for deoxynivalenol, 39 to 188 μg/kg for HT-2 and T-2 toxins, 66 to 232 μg/kg...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 10, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Mycobiota and mycotoxins in Portuguese pork, goat and sheep dry-cured hams
The objectives of the present work were to survey, for the first time, the contamination of Portuguese fresh and dry-cured meat products with ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and to determine the fungi potentially responsible for this contamination. A total of 128 samples including pork fresh legs, dry-cured legs and shoulders, as well as goat and sheep dry-cured legs were analysed. Mycological analysis of these samples yielded a total of 630 fungal isolates.Penicillium sp. was the dominant fungal genus in all products (66% of all isolates).Penicillium nordicum andAspergillus westerdijkiae were only rarely isola...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 7, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Alternariol disturbs oocyte maturation and preimplantation development
AbstractAlternariol (AOH) is produced by fungi of the genusAlternaria and can be found in fruits, vegetables, and grains. Besides the oestrogenic activity demonstrated in vitro, this mycotoxin causes DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. Based on this, the effect of AOH was investigated on porcine female gametes during in vitro maturation and subsequent initial embryo development. A first experiment assessed a dose-response effect of AOH (5, 10, or 20 μmol/l) on cumulus expansion and in vitro oocyte nuclear maturation, in the presence or absence of follicular fluid (FF). A second experiment evaluated the effect of AOH (5, 1...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 30, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Ochratoxin A induces global DNA hypomethylation and oxidative stress in neuronal cells in vitro
In conclusion, the results suggest that oxidative stress and epigenetic changes are directly involved in OTA-induced neurotoxicity, while cytotoxicity and genotoxicity cannot be considered as primary cause of toxicity in neuronal cells in vitro. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 21, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
