A method for estimating the outer exposure of dairy cows to deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) as a precondition for risk assessment based on inner exposure with toxin residue levels in blood and urine as indicators
AbstractDON and ZEN residues in the blood and urine of dairy cows can be used to predict the outer exposure to DON and ZEN expressed per kilogram diet for a risk evaluation based on comparisons to critical dietary concentrations. This method was used to evaluate the exposure of dairy cows from 12 farms located in Brandenburg, Germany, fed rations with unknown DON and ZEN concentrations (N = 244). The corresponding diet concentrations predicted by different methods from analyzed blood and urine samples varied significantly amongst farms from 0 to 1.6 mg/kg for DON and 0 to 3.0 mg/kg for ZEN at a reference dry matter c...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 26, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Correction: Estrogenic, androgenic, and genotoxic activities of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in in vitro bioassays including exogenous metabolic activation
(Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 26, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Maize Aspergillus section Flavi isolate diversity may be distinct from that of soil and subsequently the source of aflatoxin contamination
AbstractAspergillus sectionFlavi (Flavi) is a diverse group of fungal species whose common members includeA. flavus andA. parasiticus. These are well-known for the production of aflatoxin (AF) B and G and other toxic metabolites, like cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). They are saprophytic soil dwellers and also become crop opportunistic epiphytes. The consequence is contamination of the crop with mycotoxins, such as carcinogenic AF. We investigated theFlavi community structure of maize and that of their surrounding soil, including their mycotoxigenicity. Furthermore, we investigated the link of the maizeFlavi diversity with prehar...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 22, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Estrogenic, androgenic, and genotoxic activities of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in in vitro bioassays including exogenous metabolic activation
In this study, ZEN, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), DON, 3-acetyl DON, and 15-acetyl DON were evaluatedin vitro for hormone receptor –mediated effects (estrogen receptor [ER] and androgen receptor [AR]) and genotoxicity (micronucleus assay) in the presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (MAS). The ER bioassay proved to be a highly sensitive method to detect low concentrations of the ZEN compounds (EC10 values of 31.4 pM for ZEN, 3.59 pM for α-ZEL) in aqueous solutions. In the presence of the MAS, reduced estrogenic effects were observed for both ZEN compounds (EC10 values of 6.47 × 103 pM for ZEN, 1.55...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 8, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Seasonal variation of mycotoxin levels in poultry feeds and feed ingredients in Oyo State, Nigeria
AbstractMycotoxins pose a major problem to poultry production as a result of feed contamination which has deleterious consequences such as production losses and human health risks. A total of 158 chicken feed samples were randomly collected from 46 consenting poultry farms in Oyo State throughout the wet season (April –October; 91 samples) and the dry season (November–March; 67 samples), including compounded feed (n = 129) and feed ingredients (n = 29). Samples were promptly transported to the laboratory in sterile plastic vials for lateral flow assay for mycotoxins using six different commercial mycotoxin test...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 27, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Level of aflatoxins in dairy feeds, poultry feeds, and feed ingredients produced by feed factories in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
The objective of this study was to detect and quantify the level of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, and total aflatoxin) in dairy feeds, poultry (layer and broiler) feeds, and feed ingredients produced in Addis Ababa. A total of 42 feeds and feed ingredients consisting of dairy feeds (n = 5), poultry broiler feeds (n = 6), layer feeds (n = 6), and feed ingredients (n = 25) were collected from feed factories in the city and analyzed in fresh weigh basis. The aflatoxins were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography after clean-up with immunoaffinity columns. Aflatoxin B1 levels in feeds ranged from 5...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 26, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
The potential of soil microbial communities to transform deoxynivalenol in agricultural soils —a soil microcosm study
In this study, we investigated the potential of soil microbial communities to transform DON in six different agricultural soils at two levels (0.5 and 5 µg g–1). The dissipation and the formation of transformation products were investigated in a period of 35 days and compared to a sterilized control. In addition, we measured soil respiration and applied the phospholipid-derived fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to assess whether soil microbial community characteristics are related to the microbial transformation potential. Dissipation of DON in non-sterilized soils was fast (50% dissipation within 0.6 –3.7 days) compared to ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 20, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Deoxynivalenol triggers the expression of IL-8-related signaling cascades and decreases protein biosynthesis in primary monocyte-derived cells
This study shows for the first time a synergistic effect of both —low physiological DON-doses in combination with low LPS-doses with the focus on the IL-8 expression on protein and RNA level. Both doses were found in vivo. IL-8 together with other anorectic cytokines like IL-1β can affect the food intake and anorexia. We could also show that a calcium-response is not involved in the increased IL-8 production after acute DON stimulation with high or low concentrations. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 18, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Efficacy of powdered alfalfa leaves to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in turkey poults
AbstractThis experiment was conducted to determine the effect of an adsorbent material based on powdered alfalfa leaves added in the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diet of turkey poults on production parameters, blood cell count, serum biochemistry, liver enzymes, and liver histology. For this purpose, three hundred and fifty female Nicholas-700 poults were randomly assigned into five treatments: (1) Control, AFB1-free diet; (2) AF, diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g; (3) Alfalfa, AFB1-free diet + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent; (4) AF+alfalfa, diet contaminated with 250 ng AFB1/g + 0.5% (w/w) adsorbent, and (5) AF+...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 29, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Curcumin attenuates aflatoxin B1-induced ileum injury in ducks by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and regulating TLR4/NF- κB signaling pathway
In conclusion, AFB1 can induce inflammatory damage and pyroptosis in duck ileum, while Cur has obviously protective effects on all the above damages.Graphical Abstract (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 24, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Risk of exposure to aflatoxin M1 through consumption of cow ’s milk among children in Magadu, Morogoro
This study determined AFM1 contamination of cow ’s milk and estimated the health risk of dietary AFM1 through consumption of cow’s milk among children (6 to 36 months) in the Magadu ward of Morogoro region in Tanzania. A total of 165 mother-baby pairs were recruited and interviewed on child feeding practices with a focus on feeding of cow’ s milk in the past 24 h. Alongside the interview, 100 raw cows’ milk samples were collected from subsampled respondent households and were analyzed for AFM1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that about 35% of the surveyed children consumed cow...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 23, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Determination and analysis of patulin in apples, hawthorns, and their products by high-performance liquid chromatography
This study aimed to establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to investigate the residues of patulin in apples, hawthorns, and their products. A total of 400 samples were collected from online shopping plats and supermarkets in China, including apples (n = 50), hawthorns (n = 50), and their products (apple juice, apple puree, apple jam, hawthorn juice, hawthorn chips, and hawthorn rolls,n = 300). In this experiment, this method had good linearity and a recovery of 82.3–94.4% for patulin. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2 µg/kg for liquid samples, while it was 0.3 µg/kg for solid ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 16, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
HIF-1 α is a “brake” in JNK-mediated activation of amyloid protein precursor and hyperphosphorylation of tau induced by T-2 toxin in BV2 cells
This study will provide clues for further research on the neurotoxicity of mycotoxins. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 6, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Determination of aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in breast milk in rural centers of Yazd, Iran: Exposure assessment and risk characterization
This study showed that the estimated daily intake for AFM1 and OTA by 1 month of age infants was 2.7 and 28.5 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, while, as the age of the infant increased, the values were lower and close to 0.9 and 9.9 ng/kg bw/day for AFM1 and OTA in 12 months of age infants, respectively. The high occurrence and noticeable levels of AFM1 and OTA detected in this study indicated that some infants receive undesirable exposures to AFM1 and OTA with breast milk. Therefore, it is recommended that mothers are advised to avoid certain foods during pregnancy and breastfeeding that are likely sources of mycotoxins. ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 29, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Mycotoxin occurrence in kernels and straws of wheat, barley, and tritordeum
AbstractThirty-two varieties of common and durum wheat, hordeum, barley, and tritordeum collected over two harvesting years (2020 and 2021) were investigated for the presence of multipleFusarium-related mycotoxins in asymptomatic plants. DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, T-2, HT-2, and ZEN together with the emerging mycotoxin ENN B and the major modified form of DON, namely DON3Glc, were quantified by means of UHPLC-MS/MS. Overall, DON and ENN B were the most frequently detected mycotoxins, albeit large inter-year variability was observed and related to different climate and weather conditions. Straws had higher mycotoxin contents t...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 18, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
