Comparing the effects of essential oils and methanolic extracts on the inhibition of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus growth and production of aflatoxins
This study has indicated that the essential oils ofSatureja punctate, Lippia javanica, andOcimum gratissimum had substantial antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities compared to their methanolic extracts, whileToddalia asiatica methanolic extract had a moderate antifungal activity compared to its essential oil. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 1, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Deoxynivalenol affects cell metabolism in vivo and inhibits protein synthesis in IPEC-1 cells
AbstractDeoxynivalenol is present in forage crops in concentrations that endanger animal welfare but is also found in cereal-based food. The amphipathic nature of mycotoxins allows them to cross the cell membrane and interacts with different cell organelles such as mitochondria and ribosomes. In our study, we investigated the gene expression of several genes in vivo and in vitro that are related to the metabolism. We observed a significantly higher COX5B and MHCII expression in enterocytes of DON-fed pigs compared to CON-fed pigs and a marked increase in GAPDH and SLC7A11 in DON-fed pigs, but we could not confirm this in v...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 31, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Inactivation of zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in complete feed for weaned piglets: Efficacy of ZEN hydrolase ZenA and of sodium metabisulfite (SBS) as feed additives
AbstractFemale pigs respond sensitive both to DON and ZEN with anorexia and endocrine disruption, respectively, when critical diet concentrations are exceeded. Therefore, the frequent co-contamination of feed by DON and ZEN requires their parallel inactivation. The additive ZenA hydrolyzes ZEN while SBS inactivates DON through sulfonation. Both supplements were simultaneously added (+, 2.5 g SBS and 100 U ZenA/kg) to a control diet (CON−, 0.04 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg; CON+, 0.03 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg) and aFusarium toxin contaminated diet (FUS −, 2.57 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg; FUS+,...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 30, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in freshly harvested highland barley (qingke) grains from Tibet, China
In this study, a total of 150 freshly harvested qingke grain samples were obtained from three regions around the Brahmaputra River in Tibet (China) in 2020. The samples were investigated for the occurrence of 20Fusarium mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC ‒MS/MS). The most frequently occurring mycotoxin was enniatin B (ENB) (46%), followed by enniatin B1 (ENB1) (14.7%), zearalenone (ZEN) (6.0%), enniatin A1 (ENA1) (3.3%), enniatin A (ENA) (1.3%), beauvericin (BEA) (0.7%), and nivalenol (NIV) (0.7%). Due to the increase in altitude, the cumulative precipitation level and ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 27, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Mycotoxigenic fungal growth inhibition and multi-mycotoxin reduction of potential biological control agents indigenous to grain maize
AbstractThe present work investigated the potential of fungal species from grain maize farms in Malaysia as antagonists against the indigenous mycotoxigenic fungal species and their subsequent mycotoxin production. Dual-culture assay was conducted on grain maize agar (GMA) with 12 strains of potential fungal antagonists namelyBjerkandra adusta,Penicillium janthinellum,Schizophyllum commune,Trametes cubensis,Trichoderma asperelloides,Trichoderma asperellum,Trichoderma harzianum, andTrichoderma yunnanense against seven mycotoxigenic strains namelyAspergillus flavus,Aspergillus niger,Fusarium verticillioides, andFusarium prol...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 23, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Retraction Note: Fusaric acid detoxification: a strategy of Gliocladium roseum involved in its antagonism against Fusarium verticillioides
(Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 18, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
The association of food ingredients in breakfast cereal products and fumonisins production: risks identification and predictions
AbstractBreakfast processed products are remarkably at risk of fungal contamination. This research surveyed the fumonisins concentration in different breakfast products and carried out in vitro experiments measuring fumonisins content in different substrates inoculated withFusarium verticillioides. The pipeline started with the identification of combinations of ingredients for 58 breakfast products. Twenty-three core ingredients, seven nutritional components and production types were analyzed using a Pearson correlation,k-means clustering, and principal component analysis to show that no single factor is responsible for hi...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 11, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Correction to: Micro ‑climatic variations across Malawi have a greater influence on contamination of maize with aflatoxins than with fumonisins
(Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 1, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Tenuazonic acid alters immune and physiological reactions and susceptibility to pathogens in Galleria mellonella larvae
AbstractTenuazonic acid (TeA) is synthesized by phytopathogenic and opportunistic fungi and is detected in a broad range of foods. This natural compound is of interest in terms of toxicity to animals, but its mechanisms of action on insects are poorly understood. We administered TeA orally at different concentrations (0.2 –5.0 mg/[gram of a growth medium]) to the model insectGalleria mellonella, with subsequent estimation of physiological, histological, and immunological parameters in different tissues (midgut, fat body, and hemolymph). Susceptibility of the TeA-treated larvae to pathogenic microorganismsBeauveria bassi...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 18, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Mycotoxin Research in the twenty-first century: the course for the future is set
(Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 5, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Obtaining an aflatoxin-free and high-alcohol-content product using contaminated dried figs
In this study, we investigated the potential of using aflatoxin-contaminated dried figs as a raw material for ethanol production. For this purpose, contaminated dried figs (and also uncontaminated controls) were subjected to fermentation and subsequent distillation, and the alcohol and aflatoxin levels were determined during the processes. In addition, volatile by-products in the final product were determined using gas chromatography. Contaminated and uncontaminated figs had similar fermentation and distillation patterns. Although fermentation caused significant decreases in aflatoxin levels, there were still toxin residue...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 18, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Hazard characterisation for significant mycotoxins in food
AbstractThis review updates the current status of activities related to hazard characterisation for mycotoxins, with special reference to regulatory work accomplished within the European Union. Because the relevant information on these topics is widely scattered in the scientific literature, this review intends to provide a condensed overview on the most pertinent aspects. Human health risk assessment is a procedure to estimate the nature and potential for harmful effects of mycotoxins on human health due to exposure to them via contaminated food. This assessment involves hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exp...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 17, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Root uptake and metabolization of Alternaria toxins by winter wheat plants using a hydroponic system
AbstractFungi of the genusAlternaria are ubiquitous in the environment. Their mycotoxins can leach out of contaminated plants or crop debris into the soil entering the plant via the roots. We aim to evaluate the importance of this entry pathway and its contribution to the overall content ofAlternaria toxins (ATs) in wheat plants to better understand the soil –plant-phytopathogen system. A hydroponic cultivation system was established and wheat plants were cultivated for up to two weeks under optimal climate conditions. One half of the plants was treated with a nutrient solution spiked with alternariol (AOH), alternariol ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 16, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Inter-laboratory study on simultaneous quantification of ten trichothecenes in feed
AbstractAn inter-laboratory study was performed in eight laboratories to evaluate the simultaneous quantification method for HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), neosolaniol (NES), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G), nivalenol (NIV), and fusarenon-X (FUS-X) in feed. The mycotoxins in the samples were extracted with hydrous acetonitrile, purified using a multifunctional column (InertSep® VRA-3) and a phospholipid removal column (Hybrid SPE®-Phospholipid), and then quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 28, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Neurobehavioral and biochemical responses to artemisinin-based drug and aflatoxin B1 co-exposure in rats
In conclusion, contrary to AFB1 alone, behavioral and biochemical responses were not altered in animals singly exposed to coartem. Co-exposure to coartem and AFB1 elicited no additional risk but partially lessened neurotoxicity associated with AFB1 exposure. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 26, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
