Effects of low to moderate levels of deoxynivalenol on feed and water intake, weight gain, and slaughtering traits of broiler chickens
In conclusion, the study suggests that DMI and BW were negatively affected under the experimental conditions at DON levels lower than the current guidance value in the European Union of 5 mg/kg feed. The study also indicates that broilers fed on low to moderate level DON-contaminated d iets showed increased WI/DMI ratio which might have negative influence on wet litter syndrome. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 7, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Geographic distribution of phylogenetic species of the Fusarium graminearum species complex and their 8-ketotrichothecene chemotypes on wheat spikes in Iran
AbstractIsolates of theFusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC,n = 446) were collected from wheat spikes from northern and western regions of Iran with a history ofFusarium head blight (FHB) occurrences. The trichothecene mycotoxin genotypes/chemotypes, the associated phylogenetic species, and geographical distribution of these isolates were analyzed. Two phylogenetic species,Fusarium asiaticum andF. graminearum, were identified and were found to belong to sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) groups V and I. Isolates fromF. asiaticum species lineage 6 were within SCAR group V, whereasF. graminearum species l...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 14, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Biocontrol of the toxigenic plant pathogen Fusarium culmorum by soil fauna in an agroecosystem
AbstractIn 2011 and 2013, a field experiment was conducted in a winter wheat field at Adenstedt (northern Germany) to investigate biocontrol and interaction effects of important members of the soil food web (Lumbricus terrestris, Annelida;Folsomia candida, Collembola andAphelenchoides saprophilus, Nematoda) on the phytopathogenic fungusFusarium culmorum in wheat straw. Therefore, soil fauna was introduced in mesocosms in defined numbers and combinations and exposed to eitherFusarium-infected or non-infected wheat straw.L. terrestris was introduced in all faunal treatments and combined either withF. candida orA. saprophilus...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 8, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration may imply higher risk of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination of wheat grains
AbstractIncreasing atmospheric CO2 concentration not only has a direct impact on plants but also affects plant –pathogen interactions. Due to economic and health-related problems, special concern was given thus in the present work to the effect of elevated CO2 (750 μmol mol−1) level on theFusarium culmorum infection and mycotoxin contamination of wheat. Despite the fact that disease severity was found to be not or little affected by elevated CO2 in most varieties, as the spread ofFusarium increased only in one variety, spike grain number and/or grain weight decreased significantly at elevated CO2 in all the varieti...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 1, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Mycotoxins in organic and conventional cereals and cereal products grown and marketed in Croatia
In this study, the levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FUM) in unprocessed cereals (n = 189) and cereal-based products (n = 61) were determined using validated ELISA methods. All samples originated from either conventional or organic production corresponded to the 2015 harvest in Croatia. Based on the mean mycotoxin concentrations, the risk for the consumer to exceed the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for these toxins by the consumption of both types of cereals and cereal-based products was assessed. Mycotoxin contamination of organic cereals and orga...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 9, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Chronic DON exposure and acute LPS challenge: effects on porcine liver morphology and function
AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine the role of chronic deoxynivalenol (DON) exposition on the liver morphology and function in combination with pre- and post-hepatic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stress in young pigs fed for 4 weeks with a DON-contaminated diet (4.59 mg/kg feed). At the end of the experiment, LPS (7.5 μg/kg BW) was administered for 1 h pre-hepatically (Vena portae hepatis) or post-hepatically (Vena jugularis). Liver morphology was macroscopically checked and showed haemorrhage in all LPS groups, significantly higher relative liver weights, accompanied by marked oedema in the gallbladder w...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 4, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Plasma kinetics and matrix residues of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are altered in endotoxaemic pigs independent of LPS entry site
This study aimed to investigate a potential modulatory effect ofE. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the kinetics of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) after pre- or post-hepatic LPS administration to unravel the putative role of the liver. Fifteen barrows were fed a diet containing mycotoxin-contaminated maize (4.59 mg DON/kg feed, 0.22 mg ZEN/kg feed) for 29 days and equipped with pre-hepatic catheters (portal vein, “po”) and post-hepatic catheters (jugular vein, “ju”), facilitating simultaneous infusion of LPS (“LPS group”, 7.5 μg/kg body weight) or 0.9% sterile NaCl solution (control, “CO N g...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 3, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Fusarium diseases of maize associated with mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products intended to be used for food and feed
AbstractInfections of maize with phytopathogenic and toxinogenicFusarium spp. may occur throughout the cultivation period. This can cause different types of diseases in vegetative and generative organs of the plant. Along with these infections, mycotoxins are often produced and accumulated in affected tissues, which could pose a significant risk on human and animal health when entering the food and feed chain. Most important fungal species infecting European maize belong to theFusarium sections Discolour and Liseola, the first being more prevalent in cooler and humid climate regions than the second predominating in warmer ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 28, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Solvent-dependent transformation of aflatoxin B 1 in soil
In this study, we investigated the role of the solvent vehicle in the transformation of AFB1 in soil. To do this, we spiked soils with AFB1 dissolved in water (93:7, water/methanol) or methanol and used HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS to identify the transformation products. Contrasting previous published reports, we did not detect AFB2 or AFG2. In an aqueous-soil environment, we identified aflatoxin B2a (AFB2a) as the single major transformation product. We propose that AFB2a is formed from hydrolysis of AFB1 with the soil acting as an acid catalyst. Alternatively, when methanol was used, we identified methoxy aflatoxin species likel...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 22, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Detection of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in maize by immunoassay
We report the development and evaluation of several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for α-CPA. Two mAbs in particular were very sensitive, with IC50s of 1.1 and 1 ng/mL (clones 1418 and 1231, respectively). Tolerances to aqueous methanol or acetonitrile were good, which permitted the development of an antigen-immobilized competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA) for detection of CPA in maize. Spiked or naturally contaminated maize, extracted with aqueous methanol, was diluted with buffer for analysis. The working range for the assay (IC20 to IC80) was from 5 to 28 μg/kg. Recoveries from maize spiked over ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 5, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Pre-harvest aflatoxins and Aspergillus flavus contamination in variable germplasms of red chillies from Kunri, Pakistan
AbstractVarious cultivars of red chilli were collected from a small town named Kunri, located in the province Sindh, Pakistan. This town is a hub of red chilli production in Asia. A total of 69 samples belonging to 6 cultivars were obtained and analysed for the occurrence of aflatoxins andAspergillus flavus, to explore the potential of resistant and susceptible germplasm. Aflatoxins were detected by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), whileA. flavus was isolated and identified using agar plate, blotter paper, deep freezing and dilution techniques. Molecular characterization us...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 5, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Verrucarin A and roridin E produced on spinach by Myrothecium verrucaria under different temperatures and CO 2 levels
AbstractThe behavior ofMyrothecium verrucaria, artificially inoculated on spinach, was studied under seven different temperature conditions (from 5 to 35 °C) and under eight different combinations of temperature and CO2 concentration (14 –30 °C and 775–870 or 1550–1650 mg/m3). The isolate used for this study was growing well on spinach, and the mycotoxins verrucarin A and roridin E were produced under all tested temperature and CO2 conditions. The maximum levels of verrucarin A (18.59 ng/g) and roridin E (49.62 ng/g) were found at a temperature of 26–30 °C and a CO2 level of 1550 –1650 mg/m3. Rises in...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 8, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin contamination in Bt and non- Bt maize cultivated in Brazil
AbstractFusarium verticillioides is one of the main pathogens of maize, causing ear and stalk rots. This fungus is also able to produce high levels of fumonisins, which have been linked to various illnesses in humans and animals. Previous studies have shown that maize hybrids genetically modified with thecry genes from the bacteriumBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) presented lower incidence ofF. verticillioides and fumonisin levels, presumably through the reduction of insects, which could act as vectors of fungi. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence ofF. verticillioides and the concentration of fumonisins inBt and i...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 5, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Aflatoxins, discolouration and insect damage in dried cowpea and pigeon pea in Malawi and the effectiveness of flotation/washing operation in eliminating the aflatoxins
In conclusion, cowpeas and pigeon peas sold on the local market in Malawi may constitute a hazard especially if floatation/washing step is skipped. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 27, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Aflatoxin B 1 levels in groundnut products from local markets in Zambia
AbstractIn Zambia, groundnut products (milled groundnut powder, groundnut kernels) are mostly sold in under-regulated markets. Coupled with the lack of quality enforcement in such markets, consumers may be at risk to aflatoxin exposure. However, the level of aflatoxin contamination in these products is not known. Compared to groundnut kernels, milled groundnut powder obscures visual indicators of aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts such as moldiness, discoloration, insect damage or kernel damage. A survey was therefore conducted from 2012 to 2014, to estimate and compare aflatoxin levels in these products (n = 202), pu...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 25, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
