Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to screen for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and deoxynivalenol in dry pet foods
The objective of this study was to perform a market survey on dry pet foods using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect total aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), and deoxynivalenol (DON). Pet food products (n = 58) marketed for dogs, cats, birds, and rabbits were tested in duplicate with ELISA, and results above the limit of quantitation were confirmed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). OTA was detected in one product (rabbit food) and AFs were detected in two products (one dog treat and one bird treat). In contrast, DON was detected in the majority (74%) of products tested...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 16, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Blood plasma biomarkers of citrinin and ochratoxin A exposure in young adults in Bangladesh
This study was conducted to characterize both CIT and OTA biomarker levels in plasma of volunteers since food analysis data are insufficient to assess human exposure in Bangladesh. In total 104 blood samples were collected from university students in 2013 (sampling 1:n = 64, midsummer) and 2014 (sampling 2:n = 40, end winter) for analysis of CIT and OTA and their metabolites HO-CIT and OTα by LC-MS/MS and HPLC-FD techniques, respectively. CIT and HO-CIT were detected in 90% (max 2.70 ng/mL) and 85% (max 1.44 ng/mL) of all samples. Mean levels in sampling 2 (CIT 0.47 ng/mL; HO-CIT 0.40 ng/mL) w ere higher than ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 16, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Production of fumonisins by endophytic strains of Tolypocladium cylindrosporum and its relation to fungal virus infection
The objectives of this work were to determine the in vitro production of fumonisin B (FB) mycotoxins and the immunosuppressive compound cyclosporine A (CyA) in several strains ofT. cylindrosporum, and to examine the effect of fungal virus infection and temperature in FB production. FB1 was detected in 30% of the strains, ranging from 0.16 to 5.52 μg cm−2 in solid media, and FB2 was detected in 78% of the strains, ranging from 0.764 to 40.92 μg cm−2. CyA was not detected in any strain. The mean FB2 concentration of the endophytic strain Tc37W was three times greater (p < 0.05) than that of any other stra...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 16, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Interaction of zearalenone with bovine serum albumin as determined by fluorescence quenching
AbstractThe major aim of this study was to examine the binding of zearalenone (ZEN) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by measuring the quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of the protein under aqueous conditions. The results suggest that ZEN has a strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA through a static mechanism. The hydrophobicity of the microenvironment around the tyrosine (Tyr) residues in BSA was increased in the presence of ZEN. The quenching constants, ratio of protein with ZEN, and thermodynamic parameters were determined. The collaborative action of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions was ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 13, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Sterigmatocystin and aflatoxin B 1 contamination of corn, soybean meal, and formula feed in Japan
In conclusion, no correlation was observed between the mean concentrations of STC contamination in formula feed (0.97 μg/kg) and in corn (1.2 μg/kg) and the blending rate (approximately 50%). The rate of STC contamination in the formula feed (43%) was higher than that in corn (14%). Therefore, it is likely that ingredients other than corn contribute to the contamination of formula feed with STC. In this study, regarding STC, problematic samples were not found. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 23, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Determination of ochratoxin A in fruit juice by high-performance liquid chromatography after vortex-assisted emulsification microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop
AbstractA rapid, simple, and green vortex-assisted emulsification microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop was developed for the extraction and determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) with high-performance liquid chromatography. Some factors influencing the extraction efficiency of OTA such as the type and volume of extraction solvent, sample pH, salt concentration, vortex time, and sample volume were optimized. Under optimized conditions, the calibration curve exhibited linearity in the range of 50.0 –500 ng L−1 with a coefficient of determination higher than 0.999. The limit of detection ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 10, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Determination of ochratoxin A in tissues of wild boar ( Sus scrofa L.) by enzymatic digestion (ED) coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD)
AbstractOchratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary toxic metabolite synthesized byAspergillus orPenicillium species, which can contaminate various crops. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified OTA as a group 2B possible human carcinogen. The aim of the present study was to assess OTA concentrations in tissues of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) from Tuscany (Italy). Over a period of 2 years, samples of muscle, liver, and kidney from 48 wild boars were collected and concentrations of OTA were determined by enzymatic digestion (ED) coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (H...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 30, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Effect of UV irradiation on aflatoxin reduction: a cytotoxicity evaluation study using human hepatoma cell line
AbstractIn this proof-of-concept study, the efficacy of a medium-pressure UV (MPUV) lamp source to reduce the concentrations of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, and aflatoxin G1 (AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1) in pure water is investigated. Irradiation experiments were conducted using a collimated beam system operating between 200 to 360 nm. The optical absorbance of the solution and the irradiance of the lamp are considered in calculating the average fluence rate. Based on these factors, the UV dose was quantified as a product of average fluence rate and treatment time. Known concentrations of aflatoxins were spiked in water and irra...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 26, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
A rapid LC-MS/MS method for the determination of moniliformin and occurrence of this mycotoxin in maize products from the Bavarian market
AbstractA simple LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of moniliformin (MON) in maize and applied for the analysis of samples within the official food surveillance. The homogenized samples were extracted with acetonitrile/water 50/50 (v/v) which proved to have the highest extraction efficiency compared to other tested solvents. The centrifuged extracts were diluted with acetonitrile and were measured after chromatographic separation by HILIC (hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography)-HPLC without any cleanup (dilute and shoot approach). The LOD and LOQ achieved by this procedure were 2.6 and 8.8 μg/kg...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 26, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Survey of moniliformin in wheat- and corn-based products using a straightforward analytical method
AbstractA straightforward analytical method was developed and validated to determine the mycotoxin moniliformin in cereal-based foods. Moniliformin is extracted with water and quantified with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and its presence confirmed with liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method was validated for flour, bread, pasta and maize samples in terms of linearity, matrix effect, recovery, repeatability and limit of quantification. Quantification was conducted by matrix-matched calibration. Positive samples were confirmed by standard addition. Recovery ranged from...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 8, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Occurrence of aflatoxins and its management in diverse cropping systems of central Tanzania
AbstractThe staple crops, maize, sorghum, bambara nut, groundnut, and sunflower common in semi-arid agro-pastoral farming systems of central Tanzania are prone to aflatoxin contamination. Consumption of such crop produce, contaminated with high levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), affects growth and health. In this paper, aflatoxin contamination in freshly harvested and stored crop produce from central Tanzania was examined, including the efficacy of aflatoxin mitigation technologies on grain/kernal quality. A total of 312 farmers were recruited, trained on aflatoxin mitigation technologies, and allowed to deploy the technologie...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 7, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Alternaria toxins in South African sunflower seeds: cooperative study
AbstractSunflower seed samples (N = 80) from different sunflower cultivars originating from different localities in South Africa were analyzed for 15 toxins produced by fungi of the genusAlternaria by means of a simple one-step extraction dilute-and-shoot HPLC-MS/MS approach. References for valine-tenuazonic acid (Val-TeA), altenusin (ALTS), and altenuisol (ALTSOH) were isolated from fungal culture extracts and spectroscopically characterized. Additionally, valine-tenuazonic acid was tested regarding its cytotoxicity in comparison with tenuazonic acid (TeA) and showed less activity on HT-29 cells. Furthermore, alternario...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 28, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its microbial biotransformation product deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) on a trout, pig, mouse, and human cell line
In this study, IL-6 was the most sensitive parameter, followed by NO and albumin release and viability for HepG2 and IPEC-1. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 24, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
A new approach to assess occupational exposure to airborne fungal contamination and mycotoxins of forklift drivers in waste sorting facilities
AbstractThe waste management industry is an important employer, and exposure of waste-handling workers to microorganisms is considered an occupational health problem. Besides fungal contamination, it is important to consider the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in this setting. Forklifts with closed cabinet and air conditioner are commonly used in waste industry to transport waste and other products within the facilities, possibly increasing the risk of exposure under certain conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the fungal contamination and mycotoxin levels in filters from the air conditioning system of forklift cabi...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 20, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Use of yeast ( Pichia kudriavzevii ) as a novel feed additive to ameliorate the effects of aflatoxin B 1 on broiler chicken performance
In conclusion, nativeP. kudriavzevii incorporation (0.1%) in broiler diets containing AFB1 was shown to be effective in ameliorating the adverse effects of AFB1 on production. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 8, 2017 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
