Curcumin alleviates AFB1-induced nephrotoxicity in ducks: regulating mitochondrial oxidative stress, ferritinophagy, and ferroptosis
This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of curcumin against AFB1-induced nephrotoxicity in ducklings. The results indicated that curcumin alleviated AFB1-induced growth retardation and renal distorted structure in ducklings. Concurrently, curcumin inhibited AFB1-induced mitochondrial-mediated oxidative stress by reducing the expression levels of oxidative damage markers malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and improved the expression of mitochondria-related antioxidant enzymes and the Nrf2 pathway. Notably, curcumin attenuated iron accumulation in the kidney,...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - October 2, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Co-occurrence of mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in total mixed rations of cows from dairy farms in Punjab, Pakistan
This study analysed a broad range of co-occurring mycotoxins and fungal secondary metabolites derived fromAlternaria,Aspergillus,Fusarium,Penicillium and other fungal species. To complete this, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI –MS/MS) method was employed, detecting 96 of > 500 tested secondary fungal metabolites. This first preliminary study demonstrated that total mixed rations (TMRs) (n = 30) from big commercial dairy cattle farms (> 200 lactating cows) in Punjab, Pakistan, presented ubiquitous contamination with mixtures of m...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 4, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Correction: Fusaric acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis through triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
(Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 4, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
A comparative review on methods of detection and quantification of mycotoxins in solid food and feed: a focus on cereals and nuts
AbstractMany emerging factors and circumstances urge the need to develop and optimize the detection and quantification techniques of mycotoxins in solid food and feed. The diversity of mycotoxins, which have different properties and affinities, makes the standardization of the analytical procedures and the adoption of a single protocol that covers the attributes of all mycotoxins a tedious or even an impossible mission. Several modifications and improvements have been undergone in order to optimize the performance of these methods including the extraction solvents, the extraction methods, the clean-up procedures, and the a...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 31, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Individual and combined effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) with other Fusarium mycotoxins on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth performance and health
This study assessed whether the toxicological effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) produced byFusarium graminearum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are altered by the co-exposure to a mixture of toxins produced byFusarium verticillioides (FUmix). This FUmix contained fusaric acid and fumonisin B1, B2 and B3. Four diets were formulated according to a 2 × 2 factorial design: CON-CON; CON-FUmix; DON-CON; and DON-FUmix. Diets with and without DON contained on average 2700 and 0 µg/kg feed, respectively. The sum of the analysed FUmix toxins was 12,700 and 100 µg/kg feed in the diets with and without FUmix, respecti...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 20, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
The nephrotoxin ochratoxin a impairs resilience of energy homeostasis of human proximal tubule cells
AbstractDespite a long history of research, the mode of action of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is still not clear. Based on our observation that OTA-exposed cells consume more glucose and produce more lactate than control cells, with this study, we want to suggest another possible mode of action of OTA, involving cellular metabolism and mitochondria. We exposed human proximal tubule cells (HK2 cells) to OTA and studied its influence on mitochondrial performance as well as on the expression of energy homeostasis-involved routing proteins (AMPK and TXNIP) and on glucose transporting and metabolizing proteins. OTA reduced...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 19, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Major Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with freshly harvested maize grain in Uruguay
AbstractFusarium species are common fungal pathogens of maize.Fusarium graminearum andFusarium verticillioides, among others, can cause maize ear rot, and they are also mycotoxin producers. The aims of this work were to determine the frequency and diversity ofFusarium species in Uruguayan maize kernels, evaluate the toxigenic potential of the isolates, determine toxin contamination levels on freshly harvested grain, and assess the sensitivity of mainFusarium species against fungicides.Fusarium verticillioides was the most frequent species isolated, followed byFusarium graminearumsensu stricto. OfF. verticillioides isolates...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 14, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Real-life exposure to Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone triggers apoptosis and activates NLRP3 inflammasome in bovine primary theca cells
AbstractCattle are deemed less susceptible to mycotoxins due to the limited internal exposure resulting from rumen microbiota activity. However, the significant amounts ofFusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) frequently detected in bovine follicular fluid samples suggest that they could affect ovarian function. Both mycotoxins trigger several patterns of cell death and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in the intestine. In vitro studies have reported a number of adverse effects on bovine oocytes. However, the biological relevance of such findings with regard to realistic concentrations of DON and ZEN...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 10, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Fusaric acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis through triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
AbstractBreast cancer has replaced lung cancer to be the leading cancer in the world. Currently, chemotherapy is still the major method for breast cancer therapy, but its overall effect remains unsatisfactory. Fusaric acid (FSA), a mycotoxin derived from fusarium species, has shown potency against the proliferation of several types of cancer cells, but its effect on breast cancer cells has not been examined. Therefore, we explored the possible effect of FSA on the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and uncovered the underlying mechanism in the present study. Our results showed that FSA has a strong anti-proli...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 3, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Structure elucidation and biological activities of perylenequinones from an Alternaria species
AbstractThe KEAP1-Nrf2/ARE pathway is a pivotal cytoprotective regulator against oxidative stress which plays an important role in the development of many inflammatory diseases and cancer. Activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor by oxidative stress or electrophiles regulates antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent transcription of antioxidative, detoxifying, and anti-inflammatory proteins. Therefore, modulators of the KEAP1-Nrf2/ARE pathway have received considerable interest as therapeutics to protect against diseases where oxidative stress constitutes the underlying pathophysiology. In a search for fungal second...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 23, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Determination of mycotoxins and their dietary exposure assessment in pale lager beers using immunoaffinity columns and UPLC-MS/MS
This study describes the use of the commercially available immunoaffinity column 11+Myco MS-PREP® and UPLC-MS/MS for the determination of mycotoxins in pale lager-type beers brewed in Czech Republic and other European countries. The additional aim of the work was to develop, optimize and validate this analytical method. Validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision and accuracy were tested. The calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.99) for all mycotoxins under investigation. The LOD ranged from 0.1 to 50 ng/L and LOQ from...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 19, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
The role of chromatin-modifying enzymes and histone modifications in the modulation of p16 gene in fumonisin B1-induced toxicity in human kidney cells
AbstractFumonisin B1 (FB1) poses a risk to animal and human health. Although the effects of FB1 on sphingolipid metabolism are well documented, there are limited studies covering the epigenetic modifications and early molecular alterations associated with carcinogenesis pathways caused by FB1 nephrotoxicity. The present study investigates the effects of FB1 on global DNA methylation, chromatin-modifying enzymes, and histone modification levels of thep16 gene in human kidney cells (HK-2) after 24 h exposure. An increase (2.23-fold) in the levels of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) at 100 µmol/L was observed, a change independent fr...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 16, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Relevance of Zearalenone and its modified forms in bakery products
AbstractZearalenone is a frequently occurring and well-known mycotoxin developed in cereals before and during the harvest period byFusarium spp. mainly in maize and wheat. In addition to the main form, various modified forms (phase I and II metabolites) were detected, in some cases in high amounts. These modified forms can be harmful for human health due to their different toxicity, which can be much higher compared to the parent toxin. In addition, the parent toxin can be cleaved from the phase I and II metabolites during digestion. A risk of correlated and additive adverse effects of the metabolites of ZEN phase I and II...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 15, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Food aflatoxin exposure assessment in Sichuan Province, China
In this study, packaging types and sampling sites were selected as parameters influence food aflatoxin contamination. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between different samples. According to exposure assessment and risk characterization, AFtot daily exposure was shown to be 0.263 and 283.936 ng kg−1 bw for the lower and upper exposure. The MOE value derived from consumption grains and red chilli pepper products were generally bellow 10 000, and liver cancer cases based on these two foods consumption could range from < 0.001 to 0.16 cases per year/10 000 persons. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 15, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
An oxidoreductase gene CtnD involved in citrinin biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus verified by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and overexpression
This study is the first to report the important function ofCtnD inM. purpureus through a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 editing and overexpression. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 3, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
