Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes
AbstractThe fungusStachybotrys (S.)chartarum was isolated from culinary herbs, damp building materials, and improperly stored animal forage. Two distinct chemotypes of the fungus were described that produced either high-cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes (S type) or low-cytotoxic atranones (A type). Recently, two distinct gene clusters were described that were found to be necessary for the biosynthesis of either macrocyclic trichothecenes (21SAT (Satratoxin) genes) or atranones (14ATR (Atranone) genes). In the current study, PCR primers were designed to detectSAT andATR genes in 19S. chartarum chemotype S and eightS. cha...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 20, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Occurrence of relevant mycotoxins in food commodities consumed in Chile
AbstractThe aims of this study were to analyse the occurrence of aflatoxins, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), fumonisins, ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in foodstuffs consumed in Chile between 2008 and 2017 and to estimate the contribution of main contaminated foodstuff in human exposure by the probable daily intake (PDI) estimation. In 9 years of surveillance, 2020 food samples were analysed with an occurrence of 18.2% and with 2.7% of the samples being over the Chilean regulation. The occurrence of mycotoxins in food were 16% for aflatoxins, 6% for AFM1, 30% for OTA, 12% for DON, 7% f...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 28, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Risk assessment for mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds in Europe
AbstractMycotoxins are difficult to monitor continuously, and a tool to assess the risk would help to judge if there is a particular risk due to the inclusion of certain feed ingredients. For this, the toxin contents of 97 commercial fish feeds have been estimated, and the most prominent toxins in fish feed are calculated to be deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and enniatins. These pose a risk to fish well-being, as can be calculated by the Bayesian models for determining the critical concentrations 5% (CC5) for the different toxins. Besides fishmeal, wheat, soybean products and corn are regularly used as fish feed i...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 25, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
The effect of moderate-dose aflatoxin B 1 and Salmonella Enteritidis infection on intestinal permeability in broiler chickens
AbstractThe effect of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) andSalmonella Enteritidis infection on intestinal permeability was investigated. Two hundred 1-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 treatments of 5 replicates each (10 birds per replicate), which were fed ad libitum for 3 weeks with the following treatments: control, chickens fed an AFB1-free diet; AF, chickens fed an AFB1-contaminated diet at 470 ng/g; SE, chickens fed an AFB1-free diet and challenged with 108 cfu ofS. Enteritidis per bird at 18 days old; AF + SE, chickens fed an AFB1-contaminated diet and challenged with 108 cfu ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 10, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Enniatin B 1 -induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization in mouse embryonic fibroblasts
AbstractThe mycotoxin enniatin B1 (ENN B1) is widely present in grain-based feed and food products. In the present study, we have investigated how this lipophilic and ionophoric molecule can affect the lysosomal stability and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in wild-type (WT) and in lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMP)-1/2 double-deficient (DD) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). The cell viability and lysosomal pH were assessed using the Neutral Red (NR) cytotoxicity assay and the LysoSensor ® Yellow/Blue DND-160, respectively. Changes in the expression of the CMA-related components LAMP-2 and the chaperones hea...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 30, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Analyses of biomarkers of exposure to nephrotoxic mycotoxins in a cohort of patients with renal tumours
AbstractThe Czech Republic occupies the first place in the world in the frequency of renal and other urinary tract tumours, but their aetiology is unknown. To explore whether carcinogenic and nephrotoxic mycotoxins may contribute to kidney diseases in the Czech population, biomarkers of ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) exposure were determined in biological specimens from a cohort of 50 patients with malignant renal tumours. Biomarker analyses in blood and urine samples used validated targeted methods for measuring OTA and CIT plus dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) after enrichment of analytes by specific immunoaffinity clean...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 28, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Dual culture of atoxigenic and toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus to gain insight into repression of aflatoxin biosynthesis and fungal interaction
AbstractApplication of atoxigenic strains to compete against toxigenic strains ofAspergillus flavus strains has emerged as one of the practical strategies for reducing aflatoxin contamination in corn, peanut, and tree nuts. The actual mechanism that results in aflatoxin reduction is not fully understood. Real-time RT-PCR and relative quantification of gene expression protocol were applied to elucidate the molecular mechanism. Transcriptional analyses of aflatoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in dual culture of toxigenic and atoxigenicA. flavus strains were carried out. Six targeted genes,aflR,aflJ,omtA,ordA,pksA, andvbs, were...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - June 2, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Effects of ascorbic acid on patulin in aqueous solution and in cloudy apple juice
In conclusion, AA used to improve numerous product quality aspects (e.g. colour (less browning), nutrition al value, etc.) and considered as a safe food additive (Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1999)) has an effect on PAT degradation. It was shown that such degradation generated less toxic compounds in the presence of oxygen. In view of consumers ’ safety, fortification of apple juice (and possibly apple-based products) with AA could be helpful within an integrated system to ensure products with low levels of patulin. The optimum conditions for such an approach within a legal and practical point of view need to be f...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 22, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Fusarium species and enniatin mycotoxins in wheat, durum wheat, triticale and barley harvested in France
AbstractContamination with enniatins A, A1, B and B1 was investigated in 1240 samples of small grain cereals (470 wheat, 260 durum wheat, 282 spring barley, 172 triticale and 56 winter barley) from the French harvests of 2012 to 2014. Associations withFusarium avenaceum,F. tricinctum andF. poae were assessed, with the identification ofFusarium species by real-time PCR and mycotoxin quantification by LC –MS/MS. Enniatins were common in the fields sampled. Enniatin concentrations varied between years but were consistently highest on spring barley (mean values of 199 to 1316 μg/kg) and triticale (mean values from 131 to 1...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 15, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Usefulness of the analytical control of aflatoxins in feedstuffs for dairy cows for the prevention of aflatoxin M 1 in milk
AbstractAflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and can be excreted in milk of cows after consuming aflatoxin (AF)-contaminated feed. The aim of this research was to assess the levels of total AFs in samples of feedingstuff for dairy cows (n = 193) and the levels of AFM1 in raw bulk tank milk samples (n = 375), in order to estimate the ratio of “AFB1 feed input ” versus “AFM1 milk output ” in four specific regions of Spain. Moreover, the correlation between the raw materials used as ingredients of the total mixed ration (TMR) and the presence of AFs was studied. About one-thi...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 13, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Identification of ochratoxin- N -acetyl-L-cysteine as a new ochratoxin A metabolite and potential biomarker in human urine
AbstractOchratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin with nephrocarcinogenic potential found in a broad spectrum of food commodities. The mode of action of this compound, as well as its metabolism, is still not fully understood. To determine whether the conjugation of OTA with glutathione plays an important role in human OTA metabolism, an ochratoxin-glutathione conjugate (OTB-GSH), as well as the corresponding urinary metabolite ochratoxin-N-acetyl-l-cysteine (OTB-NAC), were synthesized and their structures confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. By means of synthesized stable isotope-labeledd5-OTB-GSH andd5-OTB-NAC references, a...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 9, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Detection of epigenetic effects of citrinin using a yeast-based bioassay
AbstractThe present study investigated the effects of citrinin (CIT) on a yeast-transformed human DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) associated with flocculation that can be inhibited by epigenetic mutagens. CIT (0.5 –2 μmol/L) inhibited the flocculation levels of yeast transfected withDNMT-genes (DNMT yeast) and the reporter gene activity ofFLO1, which has been associated with flocculation. In contrast, the same concentrations of CIT had little effect on reporter activity under the control of a less methylation-sensitiveFLO1 promoter. It was also shown that bacterial DNMT activity could be inhibited in the presence of CIT (...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 9, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Volatile 1-octen-3-ol increases patulin production by Penicillium expansum on a patulin-suppressing medium
Abstract1-Octen-3-ol is one of the most abundant volatile compounds associated with fungi and functions as a germination and growth inhibitor in several species. By investigating its effect on the biosynthesis of patulin, a mycotoxin made byPenicillium expansum, it was found that a sub-inhibitory level of volatile 1-octen-3-ol increased accumulation of patulin on a medium that normally suppresses the mycotoxin. Transcriptomic sequencing and comparisons of control and treatedP. expansum grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA; patulin permissive) or secondary medium agar (SMA; patulin suppressive) revealed that the expression of...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 24, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Relationship between cyclopiazonic acid production and gene expression in Penicillium griseofulvum under dry-cured ham processing environmental conditions
In conclusion, it is necessary to reduce aw on the surface of the hams below 0.85 during ripening before to increase temperature to reduce growth ofP. griseofulvum and CPA production. This information may be useful to design preventive and corrective actions to minimise risks associated with the presence of CPA in dry-cured ham. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 9, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in maize and sorghum in Togo
In this study, a total of 67 raw cereals (55 maize and 12 sorghum) were collected from the market of Togo. The samples were investigated on the occurrence of 21 mycotoxins using state-of-the-art high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The most frequent occurring mycotoxins were fumonisins (88 and 67% for maize and sorghum respectively) with concentrations ranging from 101 to 1838 μg/kg for maize and 81.5 to 361 μg/kg for sorghum, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 38% of the maize samples with maximum contamination levels of 256 μg/kg, and 25% of the sorghum s...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - April 8, 2019 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
