A preliminary study on mycobiota and ochratoxin a contamination in commercial palm dates ( Phoenix dactylifera )
AbstractThe occurrence of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in palm dates has not been thoroughly documented. The aims of the present study were to identify the mycobiota present in commercial date samples (n = 19), to determine the ability of the isolated fungi to produce mycotoxins, and to determine and quantify the presence of OTA in date fruits. The majority of products originated from Tunisia (n = 14) and Algeria (n = 3). The dominant fungal species wereAspergillus niger,Aspergillus tubingensis andAspergillus flavus which were most frequently found in premium quality and organic produce, produced without...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - May 21, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Mycotoxins in wheat cultivated in the Netherlands: results from eight years of field surveys
This study aimed to i nvestigate (i) the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and other mycotoxins, as well as correlations between these mycotoxins, and (ii) the relationships between agronomics and the DON concentration in wheat kernels for wheat cultivated in the Netherlands. Results showed that mycotoxins most frequent ly observed in concentrations above the limit of quantification were DON, enniatin B and B1, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone (ZEN) and nivalenol. On average, DON was detected in 54% of the samples (> 50 µg/kg) ranging from 19 to 92% depending on the year. Positive samples (> 50 µg/kg) had DON conce...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 30, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Financial losses for Dutch stakeholders during the 2013 aflatoxin incident in Maize in Europe
AbstractEarly 2013, high concentrations of aflatoxin M1 were found in the bulk milk of a few dairy farms in the Netherlands. These high concentrations were caused by aflatoxin B1 contaminated maize from Eastern Europe that was processed into compound feed, which was fed to dairy cows. Since the contamination was discovered in the downstream stages of the supply chain, multiple countries and parties were involved and recalls of the feed were necessary, resulting into financial losses. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct short-term financial losses related to the 2013 aflatoxin incident for the maize traders, th...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 30, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Development of a multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method for the determination of biomarkers in pig urine
AbstractAn LC-MS/MS method has been developed for the sensitive and selective determination of 35 mycotoxins (biomarkers of exposure) in pig urine samples. Sample preparation includes creatinine adjustment (with the developed LC-UV method) with enzymatic hydrolysis of pig urine samples followed by liquid-liquid (LLE) extraction. The LLE protocol, as well as enzymatic hydrolysis for indirect mycotoxin glucuronides determination, was optimized in this study. Additionally, two other sample preparation protocols were compared with the developed LLE method: immunoaffinity columns and solid-phase extraction cartridges (Oasis HLB...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 26, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Stability of fumonisin B1 and its bioaccessibility in extruded corn-based products
This study for the first time shows that addition of high-amylose corn starch during extrusion is an innovative strategy to reduce FB1 release under digestive conditions, therefore useful in mitigating the exposure to this mycotoxin. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 22, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Analysis of 13 Alternaria mycotoxins including modified forms in beer
According to this study, the exposure towards TeA through beer consumption can be considered as relatively low, as the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) value of 1500 ng/kg body weight per day might not be reached when consuming reasonable amounts of beer. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 5, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
A preliminary study on changes in heat shock protein 70 levels induced by Fusarium mycotoxins in rats: in vivo study
AbstractThe heat shock protein (Hsp70) level was assessed after 14 days of oral gavage-exposure to fumonisin B1 (FB1: 150 µg/animal/day), deoxynivalenol (DON: 30 µg/animal/day) and zearalenone (ZEN: 150 µg/animal/day), alone or in combinations (in additive manner: FD = FB1 + DON, FZ = FB1 + ZEN, DZ = DON + ZEN and FDZ = FB1 + DON + ZEN) in the liver, kidneys and lung of 24 adult male Wistar rats (n = 3/group). The liver was the most responsive tissue, as compared with kidney and lung. Except of DZ-treatment, mycotoxins elevated the Hsp70 levels in livers. The highest Hsp70-lev...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - March 4, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Dried urine spots as sampling technique for multi-mycotoxin analysis in human urine
AbstractA simple and effective approach for HPLC-MS/MS based multi-mycotoxin analysis in human urine samples was developed by application of dried urine spots (DUS) as alternative on-site sampling strategy. The newly developed method enables the detection and quantitation of 14 relevant mycotoxins and mycotoxin metabolites, including citrinin (CIT), dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1), T-2 Toxin (T-2), HT-2 Toxin (HT-2), ochratoxin A (OTA), 2 ′R-ochratoxin A (2 ′R-OTA), ochratoxin α (OTα), tenuazonic acid andallo-tenuazonic acid (TeA +allo-TeA), zearalenone (ZEN), zearalanone (ZAN), α...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 26, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric method for the analysis of patulin in apple and apple juice
This study reports a robust and sensitive method for rapid testing of patulin in apple and apple juice. The method involved extraction of homogenised samples (10 g) with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and clean up by dispersive-solid phase extraction using primary secondary amine (25 mg/mL). Prior to the LC-MS/MS analysis, the cleaned extract was reconstituted in methanol/water (2:8). The optimised LC-MS condition provided a symmetric peak of patulin within a sho rt LC-runtime of 5 min. The recoveries at the limit of quantification (0.005 mg/kg) and higher levels were satisfactory (> 80%), with the precision-RSDr (< ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - February 22, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Assessment of serum aflatoxin B 1 levels in neonatal jaundice with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a preliminary study
AbstractAflatoxin (AF) contamination of food products is still a major health issue globally. Prior studies suggest that exposure to AFs during pregnancy has harmful fetal outcomes. This preliminary study was designed to assess serum AFB1 levels in neonatal jaundice (NNJ) secondary to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Twenty-four full-term neonates with hemolytic jaundice secondary to G6PD deficiency were enrolled in the study. Erythrocyte G6PD status was assessed colorimetrically, and serum aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results revealed t...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 11, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
A preliminary study on mycotoxin contamination in red meat from registered abattoirs in South Africa
AbstractThe frequency of some major mycotoxins in marker tissues (liver and kidney) and in muscle tissue of slaughter pigs and cattle, obtained from registered abattoirs in South Africa, was studied. Samples of each three bovine carcasses were obtained from two abattoirs, and samples of three porcine carcasses were from a third abattoir. All samples originated from animals from subsistence farming. All samples were analysed for aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) using immunoaffinity chromatography extract cleanup and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPL...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 7, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Patulin activates the NRF2 pathway by modulation of miR-144 expression in HEK293 cells
This study aims to determine a possible role for miR-144 in NRF2 pathway activation following PAT exposure in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. HEK293 cells were exposed to varying PAT concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1 μmol/L ; 24 h). Protein expression of Keap1, NRF2, and phosphorylated (p) NRF2 (ser40) was quantified using western blotting. Gene expression ofNRF2,SOD2,CAT,GPx,NQO1,GSTA1,HMOX, and miR-144 were evaluated by qPCR. PAT significantly decreased miR-144 (p = 0.0249) and concomitantly increased NRF2 protein expression, stability, and activation as evidenced by increased pNRF2 (p = 0.0216) expression...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 5, 2021 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Correction to: Sterigmatocystin moderately induces oxidative stress in male Wistar rats after short-term oral treatment
The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The author ’s first and last names were interchanged in the published version of this article. The corrected author names are given in this article. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 27, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Aflatoxin M 1 in raw cow milk and associated hepatocellular carcinoma risk among dairy farming households in Malawi
AbstractIn the present study, a total of 112 raw milk samples were collected between October and December of 2018 from dairy farming households in Malawi and analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) using VICAM aflatest fluorometry procedure. These data together with the consumption data obtained through a milk consumption frequency questionnaire were used for the calculation of AFM1 exposure and its association with hepatocarcinoma (HCC) risk in dairy farming population. Average daily milk intake by children and adults were approximately 300 ± 0.07 and 541.7 ± 0.14 mL, respectively. All raw milk samples tested positiv...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 20, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Correction to: Fungal diversity and metabolomic profiles in GM and isogenic non-GM maize cultivars from Brazil
The original version of this paper was published with an error. The Corresponding author noticed that the first authors' initial is missing: this should be “A.M. Gasperini” instead of “M. Gasperini”. The original manuscript had the right initials. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 11, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
