Determination of ochratoxin A in edible pork offal: intra-laboratory validation study and estimation of the daily intake via kidney consumption in Belgium
AbstractPork-derived products can contribute to the overall ochratoxin A (OTA) intake via carry-over from contaminated feed or via mould spoilage of meat products (salami, dry-cured ham, sausage). An analytical method using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated in accordance with the specifications laid down by European Commission. It offered quantification limits of 0.2 for kidney, liver and 0.4 μg/kg for black sausage. Spiking experiments of blank samples at 5–10 μg/kg showed recoveries ranging from 88 to 101%, 89 to 97% and 80 to 85% for kidney, liver and blac...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - October 20, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Impact of experimental thermal processing of artificially contaminated pea products on ochratoxin A and phomopsin A
AbstractFungi ofAspergillus andPenicillium genus can infect peas (Pisum sativum), leading to a contamination with the nephrotoxic and carcinogenic ochratoxin A (OTA). Under unfavourable conditions, a fungus primarily found on lupines,Diapothe toxica, may also grow on peas and produce the hepatotoxic phomopsin A (PHOA). To study the effect of processing on OTA and PHOA content, two model products —wheat/rye-mixed bread with pea flour addition and pea pasta—were manufactured at small-business scale from artificially contaminated pea flour. The decrease of OTA and PHOA contents were monitored along the production process ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - October 17, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Effects of chlorpyrifos on growth and aflatoxin B 1 production by Aspergillus section Flavi strains on maize-based medium and maize grains
In conclusion, the presence of chlorpyrifos should be considered as a factor, together with environmental conditions, for the development of effective production practices of maize grains, in o rder to avoid fungal growth and AFB1 production, to prevent both economic losses and risks to human and animal health. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - October 15, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Fungal diversity and metabolomic profiles in GM and isogenic non-GM maize cultivars from Brazil
This study has quantified the microbial populations and dominant fungal genera in 6 cvs of each type representative of herbicide, pesticide or stacked resistance to both. The predominant mycotoxins and targeted metabolomics profiles were also compared between the two sets of cvs. This showed that the overall fungal populations were 8.8 CFUs g−1 maize. The dominant genera, isolated from maize samples, whether surface-sterilised or not, in all maize cvs wereFusarium, followed byPenicillium,Aspergillus and occasionallyCladosporium andAlternaria. The analysis of the targeted metabolomics showed that approx. 29 different meta...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - October 12, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Distribution of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin during experimental feeding of yellow mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor )
AbstractWithin the European Union (EU), edible insects need to be approved as “Novel Food” according to Regulation (EU)2015/2283 and must comply with the requirements of European food law with regard to microbiological and chemical food safety. Substrates used for feeding insects are susceptible to the growth ofFusarium spp. and consequently to contamination with trichothecene mycotoxins. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the influence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins on the larval life cycle of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor (L.)) and to study the transfer of T-2, HT-2, T-2 triol and T-2 tetraol in the larvae...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 28, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Ochratoxin A affects oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo developmental dynamics in the juvenile sheep model
In conclusion, in the female germ cell, cytot oxic nonspecific effects characterize OTA-induced toxicity at high exposure levels, whereas fine tuning-mode effects, not associated with altered cell viability and integrity, characterize OTA toxic action at low levels. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 28, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Beauvericin alters the expression of genes coding for key proteins of the mitochondrial chain in ovine cumulus-oocyte complexes
In this study, the effects of BEA at 0.5, 1, ,3 and 5 μmol/L on expression of genes coding for key proteins of the mitochondrial chain in ovine oocytes and cumulus cells were evaluated at different time points of in vitro maturation (IVM), germinal vesicle (GV;t = 0), metaphase I (MI;t = 7 h), and metaphase II (MII;t = 24 h). The expression of nuclear (TFAM,NDUFA12,UQCRH,COX4,ATP5O) and mitochondrial (ND1,COX1,COX2,ATP6,ATP8) genes coding for proteins of Complexes I, III, IV, and V was analyzed by qRT-PCR. After BEA exposure, perturbed expression of all genes was observed in cumulus cells and in oocytes at the MI stage (7...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 25, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Acute aflatoxin B 1 -induced gastro-duodenal and hepatic oxidative damage is preceded by time-dependent hyperlactatemia in rats
This study was designed to evaluate changes in blood lactate levels following acute exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and to determine whether changes in blood lactate levels bear any relationship with biochemical and/or morphological lesions in the stomach, duodenum, and liver. Twenty-one male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 7 rats /group) including Group A (control) receiving vehicle alone and Groups B and C treated with single oral doses of AFB1 at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. AFB1 produced significant (p< 0.05) time- and dose-dependent increase in blood lactate concentration as early as 1 h ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 20, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Sodium sulfite (SoS) as decontamination strategy for Fusarium -toxin contaminated maize and its impact on immunological traits in pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
AbstractThe main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium sulfite (SoS) treatment of maize and its impact on the porcine immune system in the presence of an LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Control maize (CON) andFusarium-toxin contaminated maize (FUS) were wet-preserved (20% moisture) for 79 days with (+) or without (−) SoS and then included at 10% in a diet, resulting in four experimental groups: CON−, CON+, FUS−, and FUS+ with deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations of 0.09, 0.05, 5.36, and 0.83 mg DON/kg feed, resp ectively. After 42-day feeding trial (weaned barrows,n = 20/group), ten pigs p...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 8, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Risk assessment and spatial analysis of deoxynivalenol exposure in Chinese population
This study aims to evaluate the dietary exposure of DON and to provide a geographical profile of DON exposure in China. The concentrations of DON and its acetylated derivatives in 15,004 cereal samples (10,192 wheat flour, 1750 maize meal, 892 oat flakes, and 2170 polished rice) were collected from 30 provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities across China during 2010 –2017, through a national food safety risk surveillance system. The consumption data for cereals were obtained fromChina National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002, and 67,923 respondents from the same 30 regions were included in the analysis. Among...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 21, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Biological monitoring for ochratoxin A and citrinin and their metabolites in urine samples of infants and children in Bangladesh
AbstractOchratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) are nephrotoxic mycotoxins, found in various foodstuffs and in animal feed, and may cause adverse effects on animal and human health. Previous biomonitoring data indicate a frequent co-exposure of Bangladeshi adults to these mycotoxins. However, since such data are not yet available for young children, a vulnerable part of the population, we conducted this study to assess their exposure to OTA and CIT and compare it with that of adults in Bangladesh. In total, 154 urine samples were collected from infants and children in Rajshahi (n = 88) and Dhaka (n = 66) district of ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 20, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Microfiltration results in the loss of analytes and affects the in vitro genotoxicity of a complex mixture of Alternaria toxins
In conclusion, we highlight potential issues with sample filtration and call for a critical re-evaluation of previous food occurrence data in the light of the results at hand. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 13, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Interactions of zearalanone, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, zearalenone-14-sulfate, and zearalenone-14-glucoside with serum albumin
AbstractThe xenoestrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone is aFusarium-derived food and feed contaminant. In mammals, the reduced (e.g., zearalanone, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol) and conjugated (e.g., zearalenone-14-sulfate) metabolites of zearalenone are formed. Furthermore, filamentous fungi and plants are also able to convert zearalenone to conjugated derivatives, including zearalenone-14-sulfate and zearalenone-14-glucoside, respectively . Serum albumin is the dominant plasma protein in the circulation; it interacts with certain mycotoxins, affecting their toxicokinetics. In a previous investigation, we demonstrated the re...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 31, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Profiles of fungal metabolites including regulated mycotoxins in individual dried Turkish figs by LC-MS/MS
AbstractFungal metabolites including regulated mycotoxins were identified by a validated LC-MS/MS method in 180 individual Turkish dried figs from 2017 and 2018 harvests. Hand-selected dried figs were subjectively classified based on the extent of fluorescence. Forty-three fungal metabolites including eight EU-regulated mycotoxins were identified and quantified. Figs classified as being uncontaminated mostly did not contain aflatoxins above 1 μg/kg. Despite being “uncontaminated” from an aflatoxin perspective, kojic acid was present in significant quantities with a maximum level of 3750 mg/kg (0.375% w/w) and tenuazon...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 14, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Distribution of fungi and their toxic metabolites in melon and sesame seeds marketed in two major producing states in Nigeria
In this study, melon (n = 60) and sesame (n = 60) seeds purchased from markets within Benue and Nasarawa states, respectively, in Nigeria, during two seasons (dry and wet), were analysed for fungal and mycotoxin contamination in order to determine the safety of these foods for human consumption. Molecular analysis revealed the following s even fungal taxonomic groups in the foods:Aspergillus sectionCandidi,Aspergillus sectionFlavi,Aspergillus sectionNigri,Cladosporium,Fusarium fujikuroi species group,Penicillium, and Pleosporales/Didymellaceae. A total of 78 microbial metabolites, including several mycotoxins, occurr...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - July 13, 2020 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
