A critical evaluation of health risk assessment of modified mycotoxins with a special focus on zearalenone
AbstractA comprehensive definition introducing the term “modified mycotoxins” to encompass all possible forms in which mycotoxins and their modifications can occur was recently proposed and has rapidly gained wide acceptance within the scientific community. It is becoming increasingly evident that exposure to such modified mycotoxins due to their pre sence in food and feed has the potential to pose a substantial additional risk to human and animal health. Zearalenone (ZEN) is a well-characterizedFusarium toxin. Considering the diversity of modified forms of ZEN occurring in food and feed, the toxicologically relevant e...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - September 13, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Frequency and levels of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in silage in Poland
In this study, 120 silage samples collected in 2015 from farms in Poland were analysed by a multimycotoxin method based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The study included toxins which are regulated within the European Union (aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, T-2/HT-2 toxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone) and non-regulated mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin, 8-ketotrichothecenes, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone derivatives). All silage samples were positive for at least one mycotoxin, and 61% of samples contained five or more mycotoxins simultaneously. The most frequently detected toxins ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 22, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Development of a UHPLC-FLD method for the analysis of ergot alkaloids and application to different types of cereals from Luxembourg
In this study, a new UHPLC-FLD method for the quantification of the six major ergot alkaloids as well as their corresponding epimers was developed. The sample preparation was done by a solid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile and clean-up via freeze-out. The method was fully validated and then applied to 39 samples (wheat, rye, triticale, and barley) harvested in Luxembourg in 2016. Samples were sieved (1.9 × 20 mm) prior to analysis in order to remove sclerotia, hosting the alkaloids. However, 23 samples still contained at least one ergot alkaloid> LOQ and concentrations of the sum of the 6 ergot alkaloids r...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 16, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Biological activity of Claviceps gigantea in juvenile New Zealand rabbits
In this study, weight of animals, feed consumption and feed conversion were evaluated in individual animals. Blood samples were taken for haemograms, and finally euthanasia was practiced. The consumption ofC. gigantea had a negative effect on body weight and feed consumption. The necropsies showed anomalies proportional to the consumption of feed contaminated with the fungus. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 16, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Development of a UHPLC-FLD method for the analysis of ergot alkaloids and application to different types of cereals from Luxembourg
In this study, a new UHPLC-FLD method for the quantification of the six major ergot alkaloids as well as their corresponding epimers was developed. The sample preparation was done by a solid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile and clean-up via freeze-out. The method was fully validated and then applied to 39 samples (wheat, rye, triticale, and barley) harvested in Luxembourg in 2016. Samples were sieved (1.9 × 20 mm) prior to analysis in order to remove sclerotia, hosting the alkaloids. However, 23 samples still contained at least one ergot alkaloid> LOQ and concentrations of the sum of the 6 ergot alkaloids r...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 16, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Biological activity of Claviceps gigantea in juvenile New Zealand rabbits
In this study, weight of animals, feed consumption and feed conversion were evaluated in individual animals. Blood samples were taken for haemograms, and finally euthanasia was practiced. The consumption ofC. gigantea had a negative effect on body weight and feed consumption. The necropsies showed anomalies proportional to the consumption of feed contaminated with the fungus. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 16, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Aflatoxin M 1 levels in different marketed milk products in Nairobi, Kenya
In conclusion, this study shows that milk purchased by a consumer is likely to contain AFM1 above 50 ng/kg, and that further research is needed to find ways to mitigate AFM1 contamination through working with farmers and milk processors both in the formal and informal sectors. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 14, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Effect of water activity, temperature, and incubation period on fungal growth and ochratoxin A production on Nyjer seeds
AbstractAspergillus fresenii andAspergillus sulphureus produce ochratoxin A (OTA), which is a secondary metabolite ofAspergillus andPenicillium species, with nephrotoxic effects and potential carcinogenic activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of temperature (20, 30, and 37 °C), water activity (0.82, 0.86, 0.90, 0.94, and 0.98 aw), incubation period (5, 10, 15, and 30 days) on fungal growth, and OTA production byA. fresenii andA. sulphureus on Nyjer oil seeds. There was no fungal growth at 0.82 aw. The two fungal species were able to produce OTA from the fifth day of incubation from 0.86 to 0....
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 13, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Putative neuromycotoxicoses in an adult male following ingestion of moldy walnuts
AbstractA tremorgenic syndrome occurs in dogs following ingestion of moldy walnuts, andPenicillium crustosum has been implicated as the offending fungus. This is the first report of suspected moldy walnut toxicosis in man. An adult male ingested approximately eight fungal-infected walnut kernels and after 12 h experienced tremors, generalized pain, incoordination, confusion, anxiety, and diaphoresis. Following symptomatic and supportive treatment at a local hospital, the man made an uneventful recovery. A batch of walnuts (approximately 20) was submitted for mycological culturing and identification as well as for mycotox...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 7, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Glucosylation of T-2 and HT-2 toxins using biotransformation and chemical synthesis: Preparation, stereochemistry, and stability
AbstractPlant-derived phase II metabolites of T-2 toxin (T2) and HT-2 toxin (HT2) were first described in 2011 and further characterized in the following years. Since then, some efforts have been made to understand their biosynthesis, occurrence, toxicity, toxicokinetics, and finally relevance for consumers. Thus, the probably most important question is whether and how these metabolites contribute to toxicity upon hydrolysis either during food processing or the gastrointestinal passage. To answer this question, firstly, knowledge on the correct stereochemistry of T2 and HT2 glucosides is important as this affects hydrolysi...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 1, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Aflatoxin-lysine adducts in blood serum of the Malawian rural population and aflatoxin contamination in foods (groundnuts, maize) in the corresponding areas
AbstractAflatoxin-lysine (AFB1-lys) adduct levels in blood samples collected from 230 individuals living in three districts of Malawi (Kasungu, Mchinji, and Nkhotakota) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels in groundnut and maize samples collected from their respective homesteads were determined using indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) methods. AFB1-lys adducts were detected in 67% of blood samples, with a mean concentration of 20.5 ± 23.4 pg/mg of albumin. AFB1 was detected in 91% of groundnut samples and in 70% of maize samples, with mean AFB1 levels of 52.4 and 16.3 μg/kg, respectively....
Source: Mycotoxin Research - August 1, 2018 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
