Characterization of Aspergillus section Flavi associated with stored grains
AbstractIncreased frequencies ofAspergillus sectionFlavi and aflatoxins in cereal grains have been seen in recent years due to changes in climate circumstances, such as high temperatures and drought. To assess the microbiological risks of contamination, it is critical to have a reliable and accurate means of identifying the fungi. The main goal of this study was to characterizeAspergillus species from sectionFlavi obtained from twenty-three samples of barley and maize grains, gathered from different markets in Qena, Egypt, using morphological and molecular techniques. Twenty-three isolates were chosen, one isolate from eac...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 17, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Immobilization of recombinant Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB1D) with montmorillonite for absorption and in situ degradation of aflatoxin B1
In this study,Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB1D) was recombinantly expressed inBacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) 168. MMT-CTAB-AFB1D complex was prepared by the immobilization of TV-AFB1D and montmorillonite (MMT) by cross-linking glutaraldehyde. The results indicated that TV-AFB1D could recombinantly express in engineeredB. subtilis 168 with a size of approximately 77 kDa. The immobilization efficiency of MMT-CTAB-AFB1D reached 98.63% when the concentration of glutaraldehyde was 5% (v/v). The relative activity of TV-AFB1D decreased to 72.36% after reusing for 10 times. The content of AFB1 in MMT-...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 15, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Review of neurotoxicity of T-2 toxin
AbstractT-2 toxin is a representative trichothecene that is widely detected in corn, wheat and other grain feeds. T-2 toxin has stable physical and chemical properties, making it difficult to remove from food and feed. Hence, T-2 toxin has become an unavoidable pollutant in food for humans and animals. T-2 toxin can enter brain tissue by crossing the blood –brain barrier and leads to congestion, swelling and even apoptosis of neurons. T-2 toxin poisoning can directly lead to clinical symptoms (anti-feeding reaction and decline of learning and memory function in humans and animals). Maternal T-2 toxin exposure also exerte...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 13, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
HLA gene variations and mycotoxin toxicity: Four case reports
We present four human cases of prolonged consistent mycotoxins exposure linked to genetic variations in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. The HLA –DR/DQ isotype alleles are linked to mycotoxins susceptibility due to the lack of proper immune response; individuals with these alleles are poor eliminators of mycotoxins from their system. Four subjects with variations in their HLA-DR alleles were exposed to mycotoxins from living in mold-infest ed houses and experienced persistent mold-related symptoms long after moving out from the mold-infested houses and only exposed to the levels of molds found in the ambient air. F...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - January 10, 2024 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Metabolites and degradation pathways of microbial detoxification of aflatoxins: a review
AbstractThe degradation of aflatoxins using nonpathogenic microbes and their enzymes is emerging as a safe and economical alternative to chemical and physical methods for the detoxification of aflatoxins in food and feeds. Many bacteria and fungi have been identified as aflatoxin degraders. This review is focused on the chemical identification of microbial degradation products and their degradation pathways. The microbial degradations of aflatoxins are initiated by oxidation, hydroxylation, reduction, or elimination reactions mostly catalyzed by various enzymes belonging to the classes of laccase, reductases, and peroxidas...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 27, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Correction to: Rapid analysis of insecticidal metabolites from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana 331R using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS
(Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 23, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Relevant mycotoxins in oil crops, vegetable oils, de-oiled cake and meals: Occurrence, control, and recent advances in elimination
AbstractMycotoxins in agricultural commodities have always been a concern due to their negative impacts on human and livestock health. Issues associated with quality control, hot and humid climate, improper storage, and inappropriate production can support the development of fungus, causing oil crops to suffer from mycotoxin contamination, which in turn migrates to the resulting oil, de-oiled cake and meals during the oil processing. Related research which supports the development of multi-mycotoxin prevention programs has resulted in satisfactory mitigation effects, mainly in the pre-harvest stage. Nevertheless, preventiv...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 22, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world: Highlighting the main knowledge gaps and the current legislation
AbstractSince the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, knowledge in the mycotoxin research field has increased dramatically. Hundreds of review articles have been published summarizing many different aspects, including mycotoxin contamination per country or region. However, mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world, which includes 22 countries in Africa and Asia, has not yet been specifically reviewed. To this end, the contamination of mycotoxins in the Arab world was reviewed not only to profile the pervasiveness of the problem in this region but also to identify the main knowledge gaps imperiling the safety of food and ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 20, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Degradation of deoxynivalenol by a microbial consortia C1 from duck intestine
In this study, the novel microbial consortia C1 that could efficiently convert DON to de-epoxy DON (DOM-1) was screened from the cecum contents of ducks. After 24 h anaerobic incubation, 100 μg/ml DON was completely degraded by C1. In vitro, C1 can effectively degrade DON in corn steep liquor (CSL) with an efficiency of 49.44% within 14 days. Furthermore, C1 effectively alleviated the DON poisoning in mice. After C1 treatment, the serum DON level decreas ed by 40.39%, and the reduction in serum total protein and albumin levels were mitigated. Additionally, C1 is effective in protecting the mouse liver against 5 mg/kg...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 8, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Occurrence of ochratoxin A in breast milk and urine samples of nursing mothers in Bangladesh
AbstractThe mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent nephrotoxin with carcinogenic properties and, thus, of concern as a food contaminant. Since food contaminant data are scarce in Bangladesh, we applied human biomonitoring to gain more insights into OTA exposure in the country ’s population. OTA concentrations in human milk and urine samples of nursing mothers were determined with the aim to assess also exposure to this mycotoxin in breastfed infants. Breastfeeding mothers (n = 74) from three districts of Bangladesh (Sylhet, Cumilla, and Mymensingh region) participa ted in this study. They provided demographic data,...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - December 1, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Rapid analysis of insecticidal metabolites from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana 331R using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS
AbstractBeauveria bassiana, a representative entomopathogenic fungus, is increasingly being utilized as an eco-friendly pest management alternative to chemical insecticides. This fungus produces a range of insecticidal secondary metabolites that act as antimicrobial and immunosuppressive agents. However, detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis related to these compounds remains scarce, we developed a method for the rapid analysis of these metabolites. Eight secondary metabolites (bassianin, bassianolide, beauvericin, beauveriolide I, enniatin A, A1, and B, and tenellin) were efficiently extracted whenB. bassiana-inf...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 16, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Adsorption of aflatoxin B1 by different antimycotoxin additives: bentonite, clinoptilolite, and beta-glucans extracted from yeast cell wall
AbstractThe present study aims to evaluate and compare antimycotoxin additives (AMAs) composed of bentonite (AMA 1), clinoptilolite (AMA 2), and beta-glucans extracted from yeast cell wall (AMA 3), with respect to their ability to bind Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) using the isothermal models of Freundlich, Langmuir, and BET. The additives were submitted to an in vitro adsorption experiment with AFB1 (0.05 –4 mg L−1), using solutions of pH 3 and pH 6, with an inclusion rate of 0.5%, and analyzed by HPLC –MS/MS. At pH 3, for the seven concentrations evaluated, AMA 1 obtained adsorption rates (99.69 to 99.98%) higher (p < ...
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 14, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
The C-8-S-isomers of ergot alkaloids — a review of biological and analytical aspects
The objectives of this review are to provide an overview of historic and current studies that have assessed the C-8-S-isomers. Specifically, this review will compare the C-8-R-isomers to the C-8-S-isomers with an emphasis on the biological activity and analytical assessment. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - November 13, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Estrogen receptor α interaction of zearalenone and its phase I metabolite α-zearalenol in combination with soy isoflavones in hERα-HeLa-9903 cells
In conclusion, the OECD protocol 455 appears unsuitable for testing ISFs due to their superinduction of luciferase and interactions with the test system, resulting in experimental artifacts. Further studies are necessary to explore structure–activity relationships within polyphenols and clarify the test system’s applicability. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - October 17, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
Aflatoxin M1 decreases the expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins and influences the intestinal epithelial integrity
In conclusion, consumption of AFM1-contaminated milk do es not show any effect on cells morphology and viability but decreases the expression of intestinal barrier transcripts that may lead to the disruption of intestinal barrier function and leaky gut. (Source: Mycotoxin Research)
Source: Mycotoxin Research - October 4, 2023 Category: Toxicology Source Type: research
