Gestational hypoxia in late pregnancy differentially programs subcortical brain maturation in male and female rat offspring
ConclusionsThese novel findings demonstrate hypoxic insults during pregnancy mediate developmental programming of the cortical and subcortical pathways, in which male offspring exhibit long-term adverse effects compared to female offspring. Impairment of cortical and subcortical pathways maturation, such as the nigrostriatal pathway, may increase risk for neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., mood disorders, cognitive dysfunction, brain connectivity dysfunction). (Source: Biology of Sex Differences)
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - September 30, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Sex modifies the association between urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and diabetes among adults in the United States (NHANES 2011 –2018)
ConclusionsA higher uACR is significantly associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes, and sex can modify the relationship between them. (Source: Biology of Sex Differences)
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - September 30, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Sex differences in electrophysiological properties and voltage-gated ion channel expression in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus following repeated stress
ConclusionsThe results suggest that restraint-induced changes in pPVT activation promote habituation in males. These findings are the first to describe a sexual dimorphism in stress-induced electrophysiological properties and voltage-gated ion channel expression in the pPVT. These results may explain, at least in part, why habituation to 5 days of restraint is disrupted in female rats. (Source: Biology of Sex Differences)
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - September 27, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Sex differences in number of X chromosomes and X-chromosome inactivation in females promote greater variability in hearing among males
ConclusionsHearing thresholds showed clear evidence of greater variability across males than across females and higher correlations across related threshold measures within males than within females. The results support a link between the observed GMV and the mosaic pattern of X-activation for females that is not present in males. (Source: Biology of Sex Differences)
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - September 16, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Sex at the interface: the origin and impact of sex differences in the developing human placenta
AbstractThe fetal placenta is a source of hormones and immune factors that play a vital role in maintaining pregnancy and facilitating fetal growth. Cells in this extraembryonic compartment match the chromosomal sex of the embryo itself. Sex differences have been observed in common gestational pathologies, highlighting the importance of maternal immune tolerance to the fetal compartment. Over the past decade, several studies examining placentas from term pregnancies have revealed widespread sex differences in hormone signaling, immune signaling, and metabolic functions. Given the rapid and dynamic development of the human ...
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - September 16, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
The maternal reduced uteroplacental perfusion model of preeclampsia induces sexually dimorphic metabolic responses in rat offspring
ConclusionsThe overall results suggest that maternal RUPP has negative and sex-specific impacts on insulin, glucagon and ghrelin regulations in offspring and that, as young adults, male RUPP rats may be more prone to develop obesity and diabetes. (Source: Biology of Sex Differences)
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - September 15, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Sexual dimorphism of leptin and adiposity in children between 0 and 10 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis
ConclusionThe results of our meta-analyses support the sexual dimorphism in circulating blood leptin and body fat percentage between girls and boys with normal-weight from prepuberty. (Source: Biology of Sex Differences)
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - September 5, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Association of physical activity with vascular aging in a population with intermediate cardiovascular risk, analysis by sex: MARK study
ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that, when intense physical activity is performed, the probability of presenting vascular aging is lower. In the analysis by sex, this association is only observed in men. (Source: Biology of Sex Differences)
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - August 20, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in white adipose tissue in a rat model of PCOS: effect of SGLT2 inhibition
ConclusionsHyperandrogenemia in PCOS causes expansion of WAT, which is associated with decreases in mitochondrial content and function in SAT and VAT. SGLT2i increases the frequency of small adipocytes in VAT only without affecting mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, or IR in the PCOS model. SGLT2i decreases adiposity independently of adipose mitochondrial and oxidative stress mechanisms in the PCOS model. (Source: Biology of Sex Differences)
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - August 19, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Tendinopathy: sex bias starts from the preclinical development of tendon treatments. A systematic review
AbstractTendinopathies are common overuse disorders that arise both in athletes and the general population. Available tendon treatments are used both for women and men without distinction. However, the existence of a sex-based difference in tendon biology is widely demonstrated. Since basic research represents the foundation for treatment development, an equal female –male representation should be pursued in preclinical studies. This systematic review quantified the current evidence by analyzing 150 studies on 8231 animals. Preclinical studies largely neglected the importance of sex, none analyzed sex-based differences, ...
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - July 30, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Sex differences in the human brain: a roadmap for more careful analysis and interpretation of a biological reality
AbstractThe presence, magnitude, and significance of sex differences in the human brain are hotly debated topics in the scientific community and popular media. This debate is largely fueled by studies containing strong, opposing conclusions: either little to no evidence exists for sex differences in human neuroanatomy, or there are small-to-moderate differences in the size of certain brain regions that are highly reproducible across cohorts (even after controlling for sex differences in average brain size). OurCommentary uses the specific comparison between two recent large-scale studies that adopt these opposing views —...
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - July 26, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Sex differences in contextual pattern separation, neurogenesis, and functional connectivity within the limbic system
ConclusionsThese results highlight the importance of studying sex differences in fear memory and the contribution of adult neurogenesis to the neuronal network and may contribute to differences in susceptibility to fear-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder.HighlightsFemale rats, but not male rats, show faster discrimination during a contextual pattern separation task.Three-week-old adult-born neurons are more active in response to fear memory in females compared to males.Females had greater neural activation compared to males in the frontal cortex and dorsal CA1 region of the hippocampus in response to ...
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - July 23, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Sex-biased and parental allele-specific gene regulation by KDM6A
ConclusionsOur study reveals new sex-related roles of KDM6A in the regulation of developmental genes, the maintenance of sex-biased gene expression, and the differential expression of parental alleles. (Source: Biology of Sex Differences)
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - July 23, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Female mice exhibit less overall variance, with a higher proportion of structured variance, than males at multiple timescales of continuous body temperature and locomotive activity records
In conclusion, even when estrous cycles are not controlled for, females show less variability than males, and this advantage can be further capitalized upon by inclusion of known temporal patterns to control for previously unknown but structured sources of variance. (Source: Biology of Sex Differences)
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - July 23, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
The effect of nicotine-containing products and fetal sex on placenta-associated circulating midpregnancy biomarkers
ConclusionsMidpregnancy maternal angiogenic profile differed by periconceptional snus use and fetal sex. Snus exposure, perceived as “safe” by users, before or during pregnancy seems to affect midpregnancy placental health in a sex dimorphic manner. (Source: Biology of Sex Differences)
Source: Biology of Sex Differences - July 15, 2022 Category: Biology Source Type: research
