Oral administration of Lactobacillus brevis 23017 combined with ellagic acid attenuates intestinal inflammatory injury caused by Eimeria infection by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway
AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate whether oral administration ofLactobacillus brevis 23017 (LB) alone and in combination with ellagic acid inhibits ChTLR15/ChNLRP3/ChIL-1 β by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to attenuate intestinal inflammatory injury. Two animal experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, chickens were allocated into 7 groups: PBS, and low, medium and high dosages of live and heat-killed LB, named L/LB(+), M/LB(+) and H/LB(+), and L/LB(−), M/LB (−) and H/LB(−), respectively. In Experiment 2, chickens were divided into 5 groups: PBS, challenge control, and low, medium and high dosag...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 18, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Comparative analysis of Streptococcus suis genomes identifies novel candidate virulence-associated genes in North American isolates
In this study, we performed pan-genome analysis of 208S. suis isolates classified into the pathogenic, possibly opportunistic, and commensal pathotypes to identify novel candidate virulence-associated genes (VAGs) ofS. suis. Using chi-square tests and LASSO regression models, three accessory pan-genes corresponding toS. suis strain P1/7 markersSSU_RS09525,SSU_RS09155, andSSU_RS03100 (>95% identity) were identified as having a significant association with the pathogenic pathotype. The proposed novelSSU_RS09525 + /SSU_RS09155 + /SSU_RS03100 + genotype identified 96% of the pathogenic pathotype strains, suggest...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 18, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Duck plague virus UL41 protein inhibits RIG-I/MDA5-mediated duck IFN- β production via mRNA degradation activity
In this study, we first found that the DPV UL41 protein inhibited duck interferon- β (IFN-β) production mediated by RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) by broadly downregulating the mRNA levels of important adaptor molecules, such as RIG-I, MDA5, mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS), stimulator of interferon gene (STING), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 7. The conserved sites of the UL41 protein, E229, D231, and D232, were responsible for this activity. Furthermore, the DPV CHv-BAC-ΔUL41 mutant virus induced more duck IFN-β and IFN-stimulated gen...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 18, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Proteases secreted by Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae damage the junctions of the intestinal epithelial cell monolayer and mediate larval invasion
AbstractThe intestinal epithelium is the first natural barrier againstTrichinella spiralis larval invasion, but the mechanism of larval invasion of the gut epithelium is not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the excretory/secretory proteins (ESPs) ofT. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) degrade tight junction (TJ) proteins, to assess the main ESP proteases hydrolysing TJ proteins using various enzyme inhibitors and to define the key invasive factors in IIL invasion of the gut epithelium. The results of immunofluorescence, Western blot and Transwell assays showed that serine protease...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 7, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Regulatory effects of Trichinella spiralis and a serine protease inhibitor on the endoplasmic reticulum stress response of intestinal epithelial cells
In conclusion,T. spiralis infection and TsKaSPI can promote cell apoptosis by activating the ERS response in intestinal epithelial cells and activate the NF- κB signalling pathway to promote the occurrence and development of inflammation. (Source: Veterinary Research)
Source: Veterinary Research - March 3, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Establishment of bovine 3D enteroid-derived 2D monolayers
In this study, we describe a method for generating confluent 2D enteroids from single-cell suspensions of enzymatically-dissociated ileum-derived bovine 3D enteroids. Confluent monolayers were first achieved using IntestiCult media but to establish a defined, cost-effective culture media, we also developed a bovine enteroid monolayer (BEM) medium. The monolayers cultured in BEM media proliferated extensively and formed confluent cell layers on both Matrigel-coated plastic plates and transwell inserts by day 3 of culture. The 2D enteroids maintained the epithelial cell lineages found in 3D enteroids and ileum tissue. In add...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 2, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Immunogenicity and protection of a Pasteurella multocida strain with a truncated lipopolysaccharide outer core in ducks
This study developed a novel live attenuatedP. multocida vaccine strain for ducks named PMZ2 with deletion of thegatA gene and first four bases of thehptE gene, both of which are required for the synthesis of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer core. PMZ2 produced a truncated LPS phenotype and was highly attenuated in ducks with a  >  105-fold higher LD50 than the wild-type strain. PMZ2 colonized the blood and organs, including the spleen, liver and lung, at remarkably reduced levels, and its high dose of oral infection did not cause adverse effects on body temperatures and body weights in ducks. To evaluate the vacc...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 2, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
A Brucella melitensis H38 ΔwbkF rough mutant protects against Brucella ovis in rams
AbstractBrucella melitensis andBrucella ovis are gram-negative pathogens of sheep that cause severe economic losses and, althoughB. ovis is non-zoonotic,B. melitensis is the main cause of human brucellosis.B. melitensis carries a smooth (S) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with an N-formyl-perosamine O-polysaccharide (O-PS) that is absent in the rough LPS ofB. ovis. Their control and eradication require vaccination, butB. melitensis Rev 1, the only vaccine available, triggers anti-O-PS antibodies that interfere in the S-brucellae serodiagnosis. Since eradication and serological surveillance of the zoonotic species are priorities, ...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 2, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Multiple species animal movements: network properties, disease dynamics and the impact of targeted control actions
AbstractInfectious diseases in livestock are well-known to infect multiple hosts and persist through a combination of within- and between-host transmission pathways. Uncertainty remains about the epidemic dynamics of diseases being introduced on farms with more than one susceptible host species. Here, we describe multi-host contact networks and elucidate the potential of disease spread through farms with multiple hosts. Four years of between-farm animal movement among all farms of a Brazilian state were described through a static and monthly snapshot of network representations. We developed a stochastic multilevel model to...
Source: Veterinary Research - February 22, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus 2 infection of the fetus results in multi-organ cell cycle suppression
The objective of this study was to identify the fetal organs most severely impacted following infection, and evaluate the relationship between this response and fetal phenotypes. RNA was extracted from fetal heart, liver, lung, thymus, kidney, spleen, and loin muscle, collected following late gestation viral challenge of pregnant gilts. Initially, gene expression for three cell cycle promoters (CDK1, CDK2, CDK4) and one inhibitor (CDKN1A) were evaluated in biologically extreme phenotypic subsets including gestational age-matched controls (CON), uninfected (UNIF), high-viral load viable (HV-VIA), and high-viral load meconiu...
Source: Veterinary Research - February 21, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
A bivalent porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), PCV2a-PCV2b, vaccine offers biologically superior protection compared to monovalent PCV2 vaccines
The objective of these studies was to evaluate efficacy of a monovalent (PCV1- 2 chimera, cPCV2a or cPCV2b) and bivalent (cPCV2a–cPCV2b) vaccine in terms of homologous and heterologous efficacy. In Study A, pigs were vaccinated with cPCV2a or saline and challenged with PCV2a or PCV2b. In Study B, pigs were vaccinated with cPCV2a, cPCV2a–cPCV2b bivalent, or saline, and chal lenged with PCV2a. In Study C, pigs were vaccinated with cPCV2b, cPCV2a–cPCV2b bivalent, or saline, and challenged with PCV2b. In all studies vaccines and saline were administered intramuscularly to pigs at three to four weeks of age. Virulent PCV2...
Source: Veterinary Research - February 18, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Pathobiology of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses in naturally infected Galliformes and Anseriformes in France during winter 2015 –2016
AbstractIn late 2015, an epizootic of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5Nx) was registered in Southwestern France, including more than 70 outbreaks in commercial poultry flocks. Phylogenetic analyses suggested local emergence of H5 viruses which differed from A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 clade 2.3.4.4b lineage and shared a unique polybasic cleavage site in their hemagglutinin protein. The present work provides an overview of the pathobiological picture associated with this epizootic in naturally infected chickens, guinea fowls and ducks. Upon necropsy examination, selected tissues were sampled for histopathology, immunohist...
Source: Veterinary Research - February 14, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Staphylococcus aureus mediates pyroptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cell via activation of NLRP3 inflammasome
We reported that bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) respond toS. aureus by NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation through K+ efflux, leading to the recruitment of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and the activation of caspase-1. The activated caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D (GSDMD) and forms a N-terminal pore forming domain that drives swelling and membrane rupture. Membrane rupture results in the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-18 and IL-1 β, which are activated by caspase-1. Can modulate GSDMD activation by NLRP3-dependent caspase-1 activation and then cause pyroptosis o...
Source: Veterinary Research - February 5, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Long-chain glucomannan supplementation modulates immune responsiveness, as well as intestinal microbiota, and impacts infection of broiler chickens with Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis
In this study, chickens were fed long-chain glucomannan (GM) or standard diet and challenged with SE at seven days of age. During 21 Â days post-infection (dpi), we determined numbers and responsiveness of natural killer (NK) and T cells in ileum and spleen, and SE-specific antibody titers in serum. Microbiota compositions in ileum and caeca were determined, as well as correlations of these with numbers and function of immune cel ls. Some of the samples in the control group had numerically higher CFUs than the GM-treated group. In addition, the relative abundance of SE based on DNA assessment was significantly lower at 21Â...
Source: Veterinary Research - February 4, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Transcriptome analysis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto protoscoleces reveals differences in immune modulation gene expression between cysts found in cattle and sheep
AbstractCystic Echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic parasitic disease, is caused by the cestodeEchinococcus granulosussensu lato. CE inflicts severe damage in cattle, sheep, and human hosts worldwide. Fertile CE cysts are characterized by the presence of viable protoscoleces. These parasite forms are studied with minimal contamination with host molecules. Hosts, cattle and sheep, show differences in their CE cyst fertility. The effect of the host in protoscolex transcriptome is not known. We genotyped and performed transcriptomic analysis on sheep protoscoleces obtained from liver and lung CE cysts. The transcriptomic data ofEc...
Source: Veterinary Research - January 28, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
