Current knowledge on epidemiology and evolution of novel porcine circovirus 4
AbstractPorcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is a newly emerging virus, with both PCV4 genomic DNA and specific antibodies detected in swine herds in several provinces in China and South Korea. Although the virus was first identified in 2019 in Hunan, China, retrospective research suggests that serum samples collected as early as 2008 were positive for PCV4 antibody. Infections with only PCV4 or co-infections with other pathogens have been associated with several clinical manifestations, but its pathogenesis remains to be determined. The purpose of this review was the following: (1) to characterize PCV4 epidemiology by assessi...
Source: Veterinary Research - May 31, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Study of microRNA expression in Salmonella Typhimurium-infected porcine ileum reveals miR-194a-5p as an important regulator of the TLR4-mediated inflammatory response
AbstractInfection withSalmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a common cause of food-borne zoonosis leading to acute gastroenteritis in humans and pigs, causing economic losses to producers and farmers, and generating a food security risk. In a previous study, we demonstrated thatS. Typhimurium infection produces a severe transcriptional activation of inflammatory processes in ileum. However, little is known regarding how microRNAs regulate this response during infection. Here, small RNA sequencing was used to identify 28 miRNAs differentially expressed (DE) in ileum ofS. Typhimurium-infected pigs, which potentially reg...
Source: Veterinary Research - May 21, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Identification of excretory and secretory proteins from Haemonchus contortus inducing a Th9 immune response in goats
This study represents a proteomics-guided investigation of the interactions between Th9 cells and HcESPs. It provides a new way to explore immunostimulatory antigens among HcESPs and identifies candidates for immune-mediated prevention ofH. contortus infection. (Source: Veterinary Research)
Source: Veterinary Research - May 21, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
RNA-Seq analysis of duck embryo fibroblast cells gene expression during duck Tembusu virus infection
This study analyzed viral infection and host immunity induced by DTMUV infectio n from a novel perspective, and the results provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms underlying host-DTMUV interactions, which will prove useful for the future development of antiviral drugs or vaccines for poultry, thus benefiting the entire poultry industry. (Source: Veterinary Research)
Source: Veterinary Research - May 18, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Porcine parvovirus triggers autophagy through the AMPK/Raptor/mTOR pathway to promote viral replication in porcine placental trophoblasts
In this study, we showed that PPV infection inhibited the activation of mTORC1 and promoted the expression of Beclin 1 and LC3II in PTCs. Treatment with a mTOR activator inhibited the expression of Beclin 1 and LC3II, as well as autophagy formation, and reduced viral replication in PPV-infected PTCs. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of AMPK expression, but not the inhibition of PI3K/Akt, p53, or MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway activation, can significantly increase mTOR phosphorylation in PPV-infected PTCs. Then, we found that the regulation of mTOR phosphorylation by AMPK was mediated by Raptor. AMPK expression knockout inhibite...
Source: Veterinary Research - May 3, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
ASFV pD345L protein negatively regulates NF- κB signalling by inhibiting IKK kinase activity
AbstractThe NF- κB pathway is an essential signalling cascade in the defence against viral infections, including African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection. ASFV encodes more than 151 proteins via its own transcription machinery and possesses a great capacity to evade or subvert antiviral innate immune responses. Although some of these viral proteins have been reported, many remain unknown. Here, we show that pD345L, an ASFV-encoded lambda-like exonuclease, acts as an inhibitor of cGAS/STING-mediated NF-κB signalling by blocking the IkappaB kinase (IKKα/β) activity. Specifically, we showed that overexpres sion of pD345...
Source: Veterinary Research - April 23, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Nonspecific protection of heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis against Salmonella Choleraesuis infection in pigs
AbstractTrained immunity is the capacity of innate immune cells to produce an improved response against a secondary infection after a previous unrelated infection. Salmonellosis represents a public health issue and affects the pig farming industry. In general, vaccination against salmonellosis is still facing problems regarding the control of distinct serovars. Therefore, we hypothesized that an immunostimulant based on heat inactivatedMycobacterium bovis (HIMB) could have an immune training effect in pigs challenged withSalmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) and decided to explore the amplitude of this...
Source: Veterinary Research - April 18, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
YqeH contributes to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli pathogenicity by regulating motility, biofilm formation, and virulence
AbstractAvian pathogenicEscherichia coli (APEC) is a pathotype of extraintestinal pathogenicE. coli and one of the most serious infectious diseases of poultry. It not only causes great economic losses to the poultry industry, but also poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. Here, we examined the role of YqeH, a transcriptional regulator located atE. coli type III secretion system 2 (ETT2), in APEC pathogenesis. To investigate the effects of YqeH on APEC phenotype and virulence, we constructed ayqeH deletion mutant (APEC40- ΔyqeH) and a complemented strain (APEC40-C ΔyqeH) of APEC40. Compared with the wild type...
Source: Veterinary Research - April 18, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Functional characterization of goose IRF1 in IFN induction and anti-NDV infection
AbstractInterferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play a key role in many aspects of immune response, and IRF1, IRF3, and IRF7 are positive regulators of IFN induction in mammals. However, IRF3, as the most critical regulatory factor in mammals, is naturally absent in birds, which attracts us to study the functions of other members of the avian IRF family. In the present study, we cloned goose IRF1 (GoIRF1) and conducted a series of bioinformatics analyses to compare the protein homology of GoIRF1 with that of IRF1 in other species. The overexpression of GoIRF1 in DF-1 cells induced the activation of IFN- β, and this activatio...
Source: Veterinary Research - April 4, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
A Bayesian evolutionary model towards understanding wildlife contribution to F4-family Mycobacterium bovis transmission in the South-West of France
AbstractIn two “départements” in the South-West of France, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) outbreaks due toMycobacterium bovis spoligotype SB0821 have been identified in cattle since 2002 and in wildlife since 2013. Using whole genome sequencing, the aim of our study was to clarify badger contribution to bTB transmission in this area. We used a Bayesian evolutionary model, to infer phylogenetic trees and migration rates between two pathogen populations defined by their host-species. In order to account for sampling bias, sub-population structure was inferred using the marginal approximation of the structured coalescent (Mas...
Source: Veterinary Research - April 2, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
A multiepitope vaccine encoding four Eimeria epitopes with PLGA nanospheres: a novel vaccine candidate against coccidiosis in laying chickens
AbstractWith a worldwide distribution,Eimeria spp. could result in serious economic losses to the poultry industry. Due to drug resistance and residues, there are no ideal drugs and vaccines againstEimeria spp. in food animals. In the current study, a bioinformatics approach was employed to design a multiepitope antigen, named NSLC protein, encoding antigenic epitopes ofE. necatrix NA4,E. tenella SAG1,E. acervulina LDH, andE. maxima CDPK. Thereafter, the protective immunity of NSLC protein along with five adjuvants and two nanospheres in laying chickens was evaluated. Based on the humoral immunity, cellular immunity, oocys...
Source: Veterinary Research - April 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
A multifunctional enolase mediates cytoadhesion and interaction with host plasminogen and fibronectin in Mycoplasma hyorhinis
In this study, we investigated the functions of a glycolytic critical enzyme, enolase in the infection and systemic spread ofM. hyorhinis. Bacterial surface localization of enolase was confirmed by flow cytometry and colony hybridization assay. RecombinantM. hyorhinis enolase (rEno) was found to adhere to pig kidney (PK-15) cells, and anti-rEno serum significantly decreased adherence. The enzyme was also found to bind host plasminogen and fibronectin, and interactions were specific and strong, with dissociation constant (KD) values of 1.4 nM and 14.3 nM, respectively, from surface plasmon resonance analysis. Activation ...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 25, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Assessment of automated assays for serum amyloid A, haptoglobin (PIT54) and basic biochemistry in broiler breeders experimentally infected with Escherichia coli
In conclusion, equipment routinely used in other species for rapid analysis of blood samples, successfully differentiated between sick and healthy birds, hereby, showing great potential as an easily added parameter of evaluation in research studies, and as a valuable decision-making tool for poultry veterinarians. (Source: Veterinary Research)
Source: Veterinary Research - March 21, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Profiling and functional analysis of differentially expressed circular RNAs identified in foot-and-mouth disease virus infected PK-15 cells
In this study, we established circRNA expression profiles in FMDV-infected PK-15 cells using RNA-seq (RNA-sequencing) technolog y analysis. The biological function of the differentially expressed circRNAs was determined by protein interaction network, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment. We found 1100 differentially expressed circRNAs (675 downregulated and 425 upregulated) which were involved in various biological processes such as protein ubiquitination modification, cell cycle regulation, RNA transport, and autophagy. We also found that circRNAs identified after FMDV i...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 21, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
Influence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae natural infection on the respiratory microbiome diversity of finishing pigs
AbstractMycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae interacts with the respiratory microbiota and facilitates colonization of other pathogens. The present study investigated the pulmonary and nasal microbiota ofM. hyopneumoniae-infected andM. hyopneumoniae-free pigs. Sixty-six pigs from three commercial herds were selected at the end of the finishing phase: 44 originated from twoM. hyopneumoniae-positive herds and 22 from aM. hyopneumoniae-negative farm. At the slaughterhouse, samples of nasal turbinate (NT) and bronchus-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected. DNA was extracted with a commercial kit and the infection status was con...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 18, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research
