Persistence of Mycobacterium bovis under environmental conditions: is it a real biological risk for cattle?
Mycobacterium bovis has a wide range of hosts. Usually, it affects cattle; however, it has been detected in humans and many wildlife reservoirs such as cervids, badgers, feral pigs, brushtail possums, and buffaloes. Persistence in wildlife has made it difficult to eradicate M. bovis, even in developed countries. The main route of M. bovis transmission is by aerosol through the respiratory tract; direct contact between cattle and wildlife is the explanation for transmission between species. However, depopulated farms have experienced recontamination after cleaning and disinfecting and months of not having cattle, suggesting...
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - December 29, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Bacteriology Source Type: research
Toxoplasmosis in at-risk groups of patients
Toxoplasmosis, one of the most common parasitic zoonoses worldwide caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is found all over the world, and can affect any warm-blooded animal, including humans, although the primary host is the cat. Disease transmission occurs from eating undercooked lamb, beef or pork, ingestion of soil, drinking contaminated water, those undergoing blood transfusion or organ transplantation, transplacental transfer from mother to foetus and during careless handling of cat litter. The highest prevalence (about 55%) in Europe is seen in France and Greece. Toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic or is chara...
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - December 29, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Parasitology Source Type: research
Advantage of pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy in people living with hepatitis C virus/HIV coinfection
Nearly one-third of people with HIV are also infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). HIV/HCV coinfection is coupled with a more rapid rate of hepatitis C disease development, elevated HCV viral load, and a greater possibility of severe liver damage. Treatment should be initially started with antiviral drugs so that virus can be eradicated and chances of development of cirrhosis can be reduced. HIV and HCV should not be cotreated at the same time as it will result in outburst of side-effects in which the responsible drug cannot be identified. Mainly people living with HCV/AIDS should be treated with pegylated interferon alon...
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - December 29, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Virology Source Type: research
AIDS-related malignancies
There is a high risk of developing malignancies in persons infected with HIV. The most common AIDS-related cancer is Kaposi's sarcoma, which is caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-linked herpesvirus. Others are invasive cervical cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma caused by human papillomavirus and Epstein–Barr virus, respectively. Among the chemotherapeutic agents, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin is an effective therapy for patients with HIV-linked Kaposi's sarcoma. There is also a chance of developing non-AIDS-related cancers, for example, Hodgkin's disease and multiple myeloma. Use of highly active antiretroviral therapy is very...
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - December 29, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Virology Source Type: research
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia meningitis in a paediatric patient following neurosurgery
We report a very rare case of postneurosurgical meningitis caused by S. maltophilia, along with a review of the pertinent literature. (Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - October 3, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Case Report Source Type: research
Fatal multiple organ failure in an adolescent due to community-acquired methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST121/agrIV lineage: case report and review
We describe the case of a 17-year-old boy who died from septic multiple organ failure caused by community-acquired methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. The patient's first clinical symptom was a skin and soft tissue infection, with multiple organ failure developing 5 days afterwards. The causative organism S. aureus was further determined to carry Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes, and molecularly characterized as staphylococcal protein A (spa) type t159, multilocus sequence type (ST)121, and accessory gene regular (agr) type IV. ST121/agrIV S. aureus is one of the minor lineages prevailing in China, and this is the first fa...
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - October 3, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Case Report Source Type: research
The development of new treatment options for echinococcosis
Cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis occur widely throughout the world and cause major public health and economic problems; it constitutes an emerging and re-emerging disease. Treatment of echinococcosis still poses a substantial therapeutic challenge. Currently available medications are limited in terms of efficacy; so that 40% of cases of hydatidosis do not respond favorably to the benzimidazoles as the first line of chemotherapy. We have assessed the present state of anthelminthic treatment, the critical factors actually or potentially contributing to the treatment outcome and cover all drug studies done be...
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - October 3, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Parasitology Source Type: research
Efficacy and safety of prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccination in healthy males: a meta-analysis
Nowadays, research on the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines is mainly focused on their efficacy in females. Hence, the objective of this study was to systematically assess the current evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of HPV vaccination in healthy males. Online databases of PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov (updated to November 2014) were searched to identify eligible articles. All statistical analyses were completed by STATA 12.0. For the estimated seroconversion, 95% Wilson confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Of the 1134 articles initially retrieved, eight studies (comprisi...
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - October 3, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Virology Source Type: research
Oral infections of herpes simplex virus: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment and pathophysiology in periodontal disease
There are many other viral agents that can affect the oral cavity in humans, either as localized or systemic infections; however, human herpesvirus (HHV) is of clinical importance to the periodontologist. Although it exists in eight various forms, HSV-1 causes most of the oral infections. As dentists are more likely to be consulted in the case of oral infections, familiarity with these lesions becomes mandatory. Here, we have briefly reviewed the periodontopathic potential of the herpes simplex viruses: HSV-1and HSV-2. Primary herpes infections typically occur during childhood or youth, although occasional cases are observ...
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - October 3, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Virology Source Type: research
Genetic, molecular and microbiological aspects of oral cancer
Oral cancer is considered the eighth common cause of cancer-related deaths, of which 90% are squamous cell carcinomas of oral mucosa. The varied microflora of the oral mucosa, tongue, and pharynx accompany the oral carcinomas. Only limited studies exist showing the involvement of the oral microbiota in malignancies. Oral carcinogenesis is highly intricate, and multifocal progression occurs due to squamous cell epithelial alterations, which are often followed by chronic inflammation induced by bacterial infection. We have reviewed knowledge about the genetic, molecular and microbiological aspects of oral cancer. (Source: Re...
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - October 3, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Bacteriology Source Type: research
Neisseria meningitidis: a silent killer?
Infections caused by Neisseria meningitidis represent one of the most important health problems worldwide. Approximately 10% of the population are asymptomatic carriers of this bacterium. Pharyngitis is observed in noninvasive types of infection. The most serious form of infection caused by meningococci is the development of an invasive type of disease, that is meningitis or sepsis. In developed countries, the incidence is one to three out of 100 000, and in developing countries it is 10 to 25 out of 100 000 of inhabitants. It is known that 90% of cases are because of serogroups A, B, C, Y and W135; in Africa and Asia ...
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - October 3, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Bacteriology Source Type: research
A series of three cases of Trichosporon asahii urinary tract infection from a tertiary care centre: Retraction
No abstract available (Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - July 1, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Retraction Source Type: research
Chryseobacterium indologenes carrying blaIND-1 isolated from blood obtained from a patient with adenocarcinoma: a case report and minireview of the literature
We report a case of C. indologenes in a blood sample obtained from a patient with adenocarcinoma. The patient was treated with a 1.2-g dose of Augmentin three times a day. The treatment was followed by normalization of the patient's temperature. The patient was finally transferred to the surgery department for further investigation. Molecular biology revealed that the tested strain carried the blaIND-1 gene, which is responsible for the production of the IND-1 type of metallo-β-lactamase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of IND-1-producing C. indologenes bacteraemia in Poland. (Source: Reviews i...
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - July 1, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Case Reports Source Type: research
Disseminated melioidosis: a case report
We report a case of disseminated melioidosis who developed pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia following blunt trauma to the chest. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of meningitis caused by B. pseudomallei being reported from this part of the country. The patient was successfully treated with imipenem and cotrimoxazole. (Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - July 1, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Case Reports Source Type: research
Chronic zoster-form: a rare variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis
We report a male patient with zoster-form cutaneous leishmaniasis on the back of his neck in Yazd province in central Iran. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of chronic zoster-form cutaneous leishmaniasis from our city, and the second case in Iran. Once diagnosed, it responded well to conventional treatment. (Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology)
Source: Reviews in Medical Microbiology - July 1, 2015 Category: Microbiology Tags: Case Reports Source Type: research
