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Correction to: Effect of Opioid Use on Immune Activation and HIV Persistence on ART
The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes. (Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology)
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - October 24, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Opioid-Mediated HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis
AbstractDespite the ability of combination antiretroviral therapy to dramatically suppress viremia, the brain continues to be a reservoir of HIV-1 low-level replication. Adding further complexity to this is the comorbidity of drug abuse with HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders and neuroHIV. Among several abused drugs, the use of opiates is highly prevalent in HIV-1 infected individuals, both as an abused drug as well as for pain management. Opioids and their receptors have attained notable attention owing to their ability to modulate immune functions, in turn, impacting disease progression. Various cell culture, anim...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - October 7, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Correction to: IL-17A Induces MIP-1 α Expression in Primary Astrocytes Via Src/MAPK/PI3K/NF-kB Pathways: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis
The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in Fig.  5B. The corrected Fig. 5 is given below. The authors declare that this amendment does not change the result or conclusion of the paper, and apologize for this oversight. (Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology)
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - October 5, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Effect of Opioid Use on Immune Activation and HIV Persistence on ART
AbstractWhile there is an emerging consensus that engagement of the Mu opioid receptor by opioids may modulate various stages the HIV life cycle (e.g.: increasing cell susceptibility to infection, promoting viral transcription, and depressing immune responses to virally-infected cells), the overall effect on latency and viral reservoirs remains unclear. Importantly, the hypothesis that the increase in immune activation observed in chronic opioid users by direct or indirect mechanisms (i.e., microbial translocation) would lead to a larger HIV reservoir after ART-suppression has not been supported to date. The potential for ...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - September 24, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Emerging Roles of Perivascular Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Synovial Joint Inflammation
AbstractIn contrast to the significant advances in our understanding of the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) populations in bone marrow (BM), little is known about the MSCs that are resident in the synovial joint and their possible roles in the tissue homeostasis, chronic inflammation as well as in repair. Neural crest is a transient embryonic structure, generating multipotential MSC capable of migrating along peripheral nerves and blood vessels to colonize most tissue types. In adult, these MSC can provide functional stromal support as a stem cell niche for lymphocyte progenitors for instance in the BM and the thymus. Critical...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - September 22, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Astaxanthin Improved the Cognitive Deficits in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice Via Selective Activation of mTOR
In conclusion, Ast acti vates the mTOR pathway, which is necessary for mitochondrial dynamics and synaptic plasticity, leading to improved learning and memory. Our results support the use of Ast for the treatment of cognitive deficits.Graphical abstractIn summary, Ast ameliorates cognitive deficits via facilitating the mTOR-dependent mitochondrial dynamics and synaptic damage, and reducing A β accumulation. This model supports the use of Ast for the treatment of cognitive deficits (Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology)
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - September 17, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Methamphetamine and Cannabis: A Tale of Two Drugs and their Effects on HIV, Brain, and Behavior
AbstractHIV infection and drug use intersect epidemiologically, and their combination can result in complex effects on brain and behavior. The extent to which drugs affect the health of persons with HIV (PWH) depends on many factors including drug characteristics, use patterns, stage of HIV disease and its treatment, comorbid factors, and age. To consider the range of drug effects, we have selected two that are in common use by PWH: methamphetamine and cannabis. We compare the effects of methamphetamine with those of cannabis, to illustrate how substances may potentiate, worsen, or even buffer the effects of HIV on the CNS...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - September 14, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2: there Is Something More than D614G?
(Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology)
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - September 14, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Mitochondria Regulate Inflammatory Paracrine Signalling in Neurodegeneration
AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction occurs in most neurodegenerative diseases, contributing  to both their onset and progression. A recent breakthrough unveiled that propagation of the inflammatory response and subsequent neuronal injury are also mediated extracellularly by damaged mitochondria, which are released from active microglial cells into the brain milieu. These extracellular  fragmented mitochondria can therefore generate sufficient toxicity to trigger neuronal death and widespread brain damage through activation of naïve astrocytes. Besides suggesting potential new pharmacological strategies of therapeuti...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - September 10, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Exogenous melatonin as potential adjuvant in anti-SarsCov2 vaccines
(Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology)
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - September 9, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Reduction of Lewy Body Pathology by Oral Cinnamon
Abstractα-Synucleinopathies in a broader sense comprise of several neurodegenerative disorders that primarily include Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). These disorders are well characterized by the accumulation of aggregated insoluble α-synuclei n (α-syn) protein known as Lewy bodies. Till date no effective cure is available to reduce the burden of Lewy body. The present investigation underlines the importance of a naturally used spice and flavoring agent viz. cinnamon in reducing α-syn deposits in transgenic mice expressing mutant A53T h uman α-syn. Upon or...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - September 4, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Opioid and neuroHIV Comorbidity – Current and Future Perspectives
AbstractWith the current national opioid crisis, it is critical to examine the mechanisms underlying pathophysiologic interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and opioids in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent advances in experimental models, methodology, and our understanding of disease processes at the molecular and cellular levels reveal opioid-HIV interactions with increasing clarity. However, despite the substantial new insight, the unique impact of opioids on the severity, progression, and prognosis of neuroHIV and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are not fully understood. In this re...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - September 1, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are Critical for Morphine Exacerbation of HIV-1 gp120-Induced Pain
AbstractMany HIV patients develop chronic pain and use opioid-derived medicine as primary analgesics. Emerging clinical evidence suggests that chronic use of opioid analgesics paradoxically heightens pain states in patients. This side effect of opioid analgesics has a significant negative impact on clinical practice, but the underlying pathogenic mechanism remains elusive. Using a mouse model of HIV-associated pain, we simulated the development of morphine exacerbation on pain and investigated potential underlying cellular and molecular pathways. We found that repeated morphine treatment promoted astrocyte activation in th...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - August 21, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Antibodies from Multiple Sclerosis Brain Identified Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 & amp; 2 Epitopes which Are Recognized by Oligoclonal Bands
AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), the etiology of which is poorly understood. The most common laboratory abnormality associated with MS is increased intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis and the presence of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, the major antigenic targets of these antibody responses are unknown. The risk of MS is increased after infectious mononucleosis (IM) due to EBV infection, and MS patients have higher serum titers of anti-EBV antibodies than control populations. Our goal w...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - August 17, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Sudden Death in Parkinson ’s Disease: a Missing Piece of the Jigsaw Puzzle
(Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology)
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - August 16, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research