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Engineering Person-Specific Behavioral Interventions to Promote Physical Activity
Physical activity is dynamic, complex, and often regulated idiosyncratically. In this article, we review how techniques used in control systems engineering are being applied to refine physical activity theory and interventions. We hypothesize that person-specific adaptive behavioral interventions grounded in system identification and model predictive control will lead to greater physical activity than more generic, conventional intervention approaches. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 11, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Article Source Type: research

Local Heat Therapy to Accelerate Recovery After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
The prolonged impairment in muscle strength, power, and fatigue resistance after eccentric exercise has been ascribed to a plethora of mechanisms, including delayed muscle refueling and microvascular and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review explores the hypothesis that local heat therapy hastens functional recovery after strenuous eccentric exercise by facilitating glycogen resynthesis, reversing vascular derangements, augmenting mitochondrial function, and stimulating muscle protein synthesis. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 11, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Article Source Type: research

Assessment of Neuroplasticity With Strength Training
Including a brief overview of current investigative approaches, the present Perspectives for Progress article offers an overview of potential future experiments in the field of exercise-related neuroplasticity to strength training. It is proposed that the combination of specific experimental approaches and recently developed techniques holds the potential for unraveling spinal and supraspinal mechanisms involved in the adaptation to strength training. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 11, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspective for Progress Source Type: research

Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews: 2019 Paper of the Year
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 11, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

The Central Role of Osteocytes in the Four Adaptive Pathways of Bone’s Mechanostat
We review evidence supporting an updated mechanostat model in bone that highlights the central role of osteocytes within bone's four mechanoadaptive pathways: 1) formation modeling and 2) targeted remodeling, which occur with heightened mechanical loading, 3) resorption modeling, and 4) disuse-mediated remodeling, which occur with disuse. These four pathways regulate whole-bone stiffness in response to changing mechanical demands. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 20, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

l-Citrulline Supports Vascular and Muscular Benefits of Exercise Training in Older Adults
Age-associated reduction in endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases and sarcopenia. l-Citrulline is a precursor of NO with the ability to improve vascular function and muscle protein synthesis. We hypothesize that vascular and muscular benefits associated with oral l-citrulline supplementation might be augmented by concomitant supplementation with exercise training in older adults. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 20, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Synergy between Acute Intermittent Hypoxia and Task-Specific Training
Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) and task-specific training (TST) synergistically improve motor function after spinal cord injury; however, mechanisms underlying this synergistic relation are unknown. We propose a hypothetical working model of neural network and cellular elements to explain AIH-TST synergy. Our goal is to forecast experiments necessary to advance our understanding and optimize the neurotherapeutic potential of AIH-TST. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 20, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Plasma Lactate as a Marker for Metabolic Health
Blood lactate concentrations traditionally have been used as an index of exercise intensity or clinical hyperlactatemia. However, more recent data suggest that fasting plasma lactate can also be indicative of the risk for subsequent metabolic disease. The hypothesis presented is that fasting blood lactate accumulation reflects impaired mitochondrial substrate use, which in turn influences metabolic disease risk. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 20, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Exercise and GLUT4
The glucose transporter GLUT4 is critical for skeletal muscle glucose uptake in response to insulin and muscle contraction/exercise. Exercise increases GLUT4 translocation to the sarcolemma and t-tubule and, over the longer term, total GLUT4 protein content. Here, we review key aspects of GLUT4 biology in relation to exercise, with a focus on exercise-induced GLUT4 translocation, postexercise metabolism and muscle insulin sensitivity, and exercise effects on GLUT4 expression. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 20, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspectives for Progress Source Type: research

Biomechanics of Breast Support for Active Women
More systematic breast biomechanics research and better translation of the research outcomes are necessary to provide information upon which to design better sports bras and to develop effective evidence-based strategies to alleviate exercise-induced breast pain for women who want to participate in physical activity in comfort. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 20, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspectives for Progress Source Type: research

Small Steps in Fitness, Major Leaps in Health for Adults With Intellectual Disabilities
Physical fitness is positively related to health outcomes like morbidity and all-cause mortality, with minimally required cutoff values to generate those health benefits. Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) exhibit very low fitness levels well below those cutoff values. Our novel hypothesis is that even among very unfit, older adults with ID, small changes in fitness translate to major changes in health. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 18, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Cardiovascular Control During Exercise: The Connectivity of Skeletal Muscle Afferents to the Brain
The exercise pressor reflex (EPR) is engaged upon the activation of group III/IV skeletal muscle afferents and is one of the principal mediators of cardiovascular responses to exercise. This review explores the hypothesis that afferent signals from EPR communicate via GABAergic contacts within the brain stem to evoke parasympathetic withdrawal and sympathoexcitation to increase cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood pressure during exercise. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 18, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Pro-opiomelanocortin Neurons and the Transcriptional Regulation of Motivated Exercise
Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are key sensory neurons for energy balance. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NHLH2 is expressed in POMC neurons, and Nhlh2 knockout mice show adult-onset obesity with low exercise behavior. Evidence is presented to explore the hypothesis that NHLH2 transcriptional activity within POMC neurons is crucial for maintaining motivated spontaneous activity and enforced exercise. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 18, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Physical Activity Reduces the Risk of Recurrence and Mortality in Cancer Patients
The biological mechanisms through which physical activity reduces metastatic disease recurrence and mortality in cancer patients are not known. This review offers the hypothesis that physical activity reduces the risk of recurrence and mortality in cancer patients through two synergistic processes: 1) indirect (systemic) effects related to the host tumor microenvironment; and 2) direct (physical) effects on cancer cells. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 18, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Occupational Activities: Factors That Tip the Balance From Bone Accrual to Bone Loss
It is commonly assumed that beneficial adaptations in bone occur with vigorous exercise, yet any adaptive re/modeling in bone undergoing persistent overloading can be counteracted by superimposed inflammatory, compressive, and tensile loading–induced damage responses above thresholds of tissue fatigue failure and repair. This leads to a tenuous balance between achieving bone accrual and loss. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 18, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspectives for Progress Source Type: research