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Testosterone and Adult Male Bone: Actions Independent of 5α-Reductase and Aromatase
Androgens and estrogens influence skeletal development and maintenance in males. However, the relative contributions of the circulating sex steroid hormones that originate from testicular/adrenal secretion versus those produced locally in bone via intracrine action require further elucidation. Our novel hypothesis is that testosterone exerts direct protective effects on the adult male skeleton independently of the actions of 5α-reductase or aromatase. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 19, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Hypoxanthine: A Universal Metabolic Indicator of Training Status in Competitive Sports
Cardiorespiratory and biochemical indicators typically used by contemporary elite athletes seem to have limited applicability. According to some recent studies, purine metabolism better reflects exercise response and muscle adaptation in this group. We propose using purine derivatives, especially plasma hypoxanthine concentration, as indicators of training status in consecutive training phases in highly trained athletes. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 19, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Clinical Classification of Heart Failure Patients Using Cardiac Function during Exercise
An effective approach for determining the clinical classification of heart failure (HF) patients is to estimate cardiac hemodynamics during exercise. This approach is strengthened further when measurements including cardiac power are used to describe cardiac hemodynamics. We hypothesize that cardiac power quantifies the hemodynamic and pressure–generating capability of the heart, relating with exercise tolerance better than traditional measurements in HF. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 19, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Impact of Maternal Exercise during Pregnancy on Offspring Chronic Disease Susceptibility
Maternal behaviors during pregnancy have been reported to impact offspring health in adulthood. In this article we explore the novel hypothesis that exercise during pregnancy can protect against chronic disease susceptibility in the offspring. To date, research has demonstrated that improvements in metabolic outcomes, cardiovascular risk, and cancer can occur in response to maternal exercise during pregnancy. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 19, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Heterogeneous Loading of the Human Achilles Tendon In Vivo
The free Achilles tendon is considered a homogeneous structure that transmits muscular force in a linear manner. However, the tendon undergoes longitudinal rotation and is separated in mechanically independent segments with distinct mechanical and material tissue properties. The present article examines the hypothesis that the human Achilles tendon is loaded asymmetrically and undergoes heterogeneous deformation during movement. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 19, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

The Role of Exercise-Induced Cardiovascular Adaptation in Brain Health
Regular aerobic exercise improves brain health; however, a potential dose-response relationship and the underling physiological mechanisms remain unclear. Existing data support the following hypotheses: 1) exercise-induced cardiovascular adaptation plays an important role in improving brain perfusion, structure, and function, and 2) a hormetic relation seems to exist between the intensity of exercise and brain health, which needs to be further elucidated. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 19, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Getting Mothers Moving: Maternal Exercise during Pregnancy and Long-Term Offspring Health Benefits
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 19, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Commentary to Accompany Source Type: research

Exercise and Estrogen Make Fat Cells “Fit”
Adipose tissue inflammation links obesity and metabolic disease. Both exercise and estrogen improve metabolic health, enhance mitochondrial function, and have antiinflammatory effects. We hypothesize that there is an inverse relationship between mitochondrial function and inflammation in adipose tissue and that exercise acts as an estrogen “mimetic.” Explicitly, exercise may improve adipose tissue “immunometabolism” by improving mitochondrial function and reducing inflammation. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Pathways Mediating Activity-Induced Enhancement of Recovery From Peripheral Nerve Injury
This article outlines the novel hypothesis that exercise promotes axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury through neuronal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and there are three required means of promoting BDNF expression: 1) increased signaling through androgen receptors, 2) increased cAMP-responsive element–binding protein expression, and 3) increased expression of the transcription factor SRY-box containing gene 11. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

The Ketogenic Diet and Sport: A Possible Marriage?
The ketogenic diet (KD) is used widely as a weight loss strategy and, more rarely, as therapy for some diseases. In many sports, weight control is often necessary (boxing, weightlifting, wrestling, etc.), but the KD usually is not considered. Our hypothesis is that KD might be used to achieve fat loss without affecting strength/power performance negatively. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

New Concept to Restore Normal Cell Responses in Osteoarthritic Knee Joint Cartilage
Prediction of osteoarthritis progression does not exist. Cartilage “health” and degeneration during osteoarthritis depend on the signals perceived by chondrocytes. We hypothesize that biomechanical responses of chondrocytes in osteoarthritic cartilage can be restored close to their normal state. We propose an approach to evaluate quantitatively these responses in human joints and demonstrate how they can return close to normal levels. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Influence of Exercise on Inflammation in Cancer: Direct Effect or Innocent Bystander?
We propose the hypothesis that the benefits of exercise on inflammation in cancer are a result of a direct effect on inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, that are critical for cancer growth as well as a bystander effect of the established relationship between exercise and cancer. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Elastography for Muscle Biomechanics: Toward the Estimation of Individual Muscle Force
Estimation of individual muscle force remains one of the main challenges in biomechanics. This review presents a series of experiments that used ultrasound shear wave elastography to support the hypothesis that muscle stiffness is linearly related to both active and passive muscle forces. Examples of studies that used measurement of muscle stiffness to estimate changes in muscle force are presented. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Heterogeneity of Muscle Blood Flow and Metabolism: Influence of Exercise, Aging, and Disease States
The systematic increase in V˙O2 uptake and O2 extraction with increasing work rates conceals a substantial heterogeneity of O2 delivery (Q˙O2)-to- V˙O2 matching across and within muscles and other organs. We hypothesize that whether increased/decreased Q˙O2/V˙O2 heterogeneity can be judged as “good” or “bad,” for example, after exercise training or in aged individuals or with disease (heart failure, diabetes) depends on the resultant effects on O2 transport and contractile performance. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Constrained Total Energy Expenditure and the Evolutionary Biology of Energy Balance
The human body adapts dynamically to maintain total energy expenditure (TEE) within a narrow physiological range. Rather than increasing with physical activity in a dose-dependent manner, experimental and ecological evidence suggests the hypothesis that TEE is a relatively constrained product of our evolved physiology. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research