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Scaling-Up Adolescent High-Intensity Interval Training Programs for Population Health
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become a polarizing form of exercise. In this article, we argue that adolescent HIIT programs can have population health impact if they are (i) integrated into existing opportunities, (ii) designed to develop physical literacy, (iii) delivered in an engaging manner, and (iv) guided and supported by an implementation framework that addresses relevant barriers and facilitators. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 17, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Brain Reorganization and Neural Plasticity in Elite Athletes With Physical Impairments
Use-dependent and impairment-specific brain plasticity are hypothesized to interact and enhance neural reorganization in the central nervous system (CNS) of athletes with physical impairments. Paralympic brain studies are helpful in achieving a fundamental understanding of the underlying neural mechanism related to CNS reorganization after physical therapy or athletic training. Information learned from these individuals also provides new insights into sports- and rehabilitation-related neuroscience. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 17, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Translational Potential of High-Resistance Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training
Age-associated cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction increases the risk for CV diseases. Aerobic exercise training can improve CV function, but only a minority of adults meet aerobic exercise guidelines. High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training is a time-efficient lifestyle intervention that may promote adherence and improve CV function. However, further investigation is needed to translate inspiratory muscle strength training into the public health domain. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 17, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspective for Progress Source Type: research

Response
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 17, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: research

V˙O2 On-Kinetics–Critical Power Relationship: Correlation But Not Direct Causal Link
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 17, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: research

Intrinsic Neuromuscular Fatigability in Humans: The Critical Role of Stimulus Frequency
Electrically evoked contractions provide insight into intrinsic neuromuscular fatigability and also represent a valuable technique to maintain muscle mass in a clinical setting. To appropriately investigate intrinsic fatigability and design optimal stimulation protocols, it would seem to be crucial to stimulate the muscle at a frequency equivalent to the mean motor unit discharge rate expected at the target force level. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 17, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Physical Exercise and Liver Autophagy: Potential Roles of IL-6 and Irisin
Autophagic dysregulation contributes to liver diseases. Although some investigations have examined the effects of endurance and resistance exercise on autophagy activation, potential myokines responsible for skeletal muscle–liver crosstalk are still unknown. Based on experimental studies and bioinformatics, we hypothesized that interleukin 6 (IL-6) and irisin might be key players in the contraction-induced release of molecules that regulate liver autophagic responses. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 17, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Inactivity Causes Resistance to Improvements in Metabolism After Exercise
Prolonged sitting prevents a 1-h bout of running from improving fat oxidation and reducing plasma triglycerides. This “exercise resistance” can be prevented by taking 8500 steps·d−1 or by interrupting 8 h of sitting with hourly cycle sprints. We hypothesize that there is an interplay between background physical activity (e.g., steps·d−1) and the exercise stimuli in regulating some acute and chronic adaptations to exercise. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 17, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Sarcopenia Related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Protective Effects of Exercise
We discuss recent evidence supporting the hypothesis that sarcopenia is an emerging health concern among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because of increasing life expectancy and HIV- and treatment-related comorbidities. We also hypothesize that combined exercise at higher intensity has a key role in managing sarcopenia in this population because it directly (increases muscle strength and stimulates hypertrophy) and indirectly (prevents mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and persistent inflammation) counteracts sarcopenia hallmarks. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 17, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Exercise as a Moderator of Persistent Neuroendocrine Symptoms of COVID-19
Precipitated by chronic psychological stress, immune system dysregulation, and a hyperinflammatory state, the sequelae of postacute COVID-19 (long COVID) include depression and new-onset diabetes. We hypothesize that exercise counters the neuropsychiatric and endocrine sequelae of long COVID by inducing the release of circulating factors that mediate the anti-inflammatory response, support brain homeostasis, and increase insulin sensitivity. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 17, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Exercise Prescription for Osteoporosis: Back to Basics
This Perspectives provides a back-to-basics rationale for the ideal exercise prescription for osteoporosis. The relevance of fundamental principles of mechanical loading and bone adaptation determined from early animal studies is revisited. The application to human trials is presented, including recent advances. A model of broadscale implementation is described, and areas for further investigation are identified. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 17, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspective for Progress Source Type: research

The HO-1/CO System and Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle
Inducible heme oxygenase (HO)–1 catalyzes the breakdown of heme to biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide (CO). CO binds to cytochrome c oxidase and alters mitochondrial redox balance and coordinately regulates mitochondrial quality control (MQC) during oxidant stress and inflammation. The hypothesis presented is that the skeletal muscle HO-1/CO system helps modulate components in the MQC cycle during metabolic stress. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - January 1, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Exercising the Sleepy-ing Brain: Exercise, Sleep, and Sleep Loss on Memory
We examine the novel hypothesis that physical exercise and sleep have synergistic effects on memory. Exercise can trigger mechanisms that can create an optimal brain state during sleep to facilitate memory processing. The possibility that exercise could counteract the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation on memory by protecting neuroplasticity also is discussed. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - January 1, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Exercise Snacks: A Novel Strategy to Improve Cardiometabolic Health
We define exercise snacks as isolated ≤1-min bouts of vigorous exercise performed periodically throughout the day. We hypothesize that exercise snacks are a feasible, well-tolerated, and time-efficient approach to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and reduce the negative impact of sedentary behavior on cardiometabolic health. Efficacy has been demonstrated in small proof-of-concept studies. Additional research should investigate this novel physical activity strategy. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - January 1, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Workload, and the Blood Pressure Response to Exercise Testing
We propose that for correct clinical interpretation of exaggerated exercise blood pressure (EEBP), both cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise workload must be considered. A key recommendation toward achieving the correct clinical interpretation of EEBP is that exercise BP should be measured during submaximal exercise with a fixed external workload. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - January 1, 2022 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research