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Microvascular Vasodilator Plasticity After Acute Exercise
Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is reduced after acute exercise or after high intraluminal pressure in isolated arterioles from sedentary adults but not in arterioles from regular exercisers. The preserved vasodilation in arterioles from exercisers is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dependent, whereas resting dilation is nitric oxide (NO) dependent. We hypothesize chronic exercise elicits adaptations allowing for maintained vasodilation when NO bioavailability is reduced. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Physical Signals May Affect Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation via Epigenetic Controls
Marrow mesenchymal stem cells supply bone osteoblasts and adipocytes. Exercise effects to increase bone and decrease fat involve transfer of signals from the cytoplasm into the nucleus to regulate gene expression. We propose that exercise control of stem cell fate relies on structural connections that terminate in the nucleus and involve intranuclear actin structures that regulate epigenetic gene expression. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Exercise Is an Adjuvant to Contemporary Dystrophy Treatments
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a lethal genetic disease of muscle wasting for which there is no cure. In healthy muscle, structure and function improve dramatically with exercise. In patients with dystrophy, little is known about the effects of exercise. As contemporary therapies rapidly progress and patients become more active, there is a need to understand the effects of exercise. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Mechanical Coupling Between Muscle-Tendon Units Reduces Peak Stresses
The presence of mechanical linkages between synergistic muscles and their common tendons may distribute forces among the involved structures. We review studies, using humans and other animals, examining muscle and tendon interactions and discuss the hypothesis that connections between muscle bellies and within tendons may serve as a mechanism to distribute forces and mitigate peak stresses. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Sedentary Behaviors and Adiposity in Young People: Causality and Conceptual Model
Research on sedentary behavior and adiposity in youth dates back to the 1980s. Sedentary behaviors, usually screen time, can be associated with adiposity. Although the association usually is small but significant, the field is complex, and results are dependent on what sedentary behaviors are assessed and may be mediated and moderated by other behaviors. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Cardioprotective Exercise and Pharmacologic Interventions as Complementary Antidotes to Cardiovascular Disease
Exercise and pharmacologic therapies to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease have advanced largely through independent efforts. Understanding of first-line drug therapies, findings from preclinical animal studies, and the need for research initiatives related to complementary cardioprotective exercise-pharma interventions are reviewed from the premise that contemporary cardioprotective therapies must include adjunctive exercise and lifestyle interventions in addition to pharmacologic agents. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspective for Progress Source Type: research

The Consequences of Sedentary Behaviors: Keeping Interpretations Anchored in Evidence
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Commentary to Accompany Source Type: research

Exercise and Pharmacology as Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: From Bench to Bedside and Back
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Commentary to Accompany Source Type: research

From the Editor
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

New Insights Into the Impact of Dehydration on Blood Flow and Metabolism During Exercise: Corrigendum
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 16, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Corrigendum Source Type: research

Automatic Affective Evaluations of Physical Activity
People do not seem to be willing or able to sustain effortful self-regulation for behaviors such as physical activity. Affective processes can account for why some behaviors are more intrinsically rewarding than others. In this article, we hypothesize that automatic affective evaluations are instrumental to the regulation of physical activity in everyday life. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 16, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Low-Back Pain Patients Learn to Adapt Motor Behavior With Adverse Secondary Consequences
We hypothesize that changes in motor behavior in individuals with low-back pain are adaptations aimed at minimizing the real or perceived risk of further pain. Through reinforcement learning, pain and subsequent adaptations result in less dynamic motor behavior, leading to increased loading and impoverished sensory feedback, which contribute to cortical reorganization and proprioceptive impairments that reduce the ability to control lumbar movement in a robust manner. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 16, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Mechanisms Associated With Physical Activity Behavior: Insights From Rodent Experiments
Dopaminergic signaling differences in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) seemingly predispose rats to adopt different physical activity behaviors. Physical activity behavior also may be regulated through peripheral mechanisms (i.e., muscle and fat derived as well as hormonal signals). We hypothesize that physical activity behavior is regulated by the convergence of central and peripheral mechanisms onto the NAcc. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 16, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Conceptualizing and Defining the Intention Construct for Future Physical Activity Research
Intention has been an extremely important concept in physical activity theory and research but is complicated by a double-barreled definition of a decision to perform physical activity and the commitment to enact that decision. We put forth the hypothesis that these separate meanings have different measurement requirements, are situated in distinctly different intention-based models, and show discrete findings when explaining physical activity motives. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 16, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Muscle Coordination and the Development of Musculoskeletal Disorders
The present article examines the hypothesis that each individual has unique muscle coordination strategies (or signatures) that will have specific mechanical effects on their musculoskeletal system. As such, some strategies would make some people more at risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders than others. Identification of individual coordination strategies might provide insight into the development of musculoskeletal disorders. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 16, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research