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Pivotal Role of Heart for Orthostasis: Left Ventricular Untwisting Mechanics and Physical Fitness
Augmentation of left ventricular (LV) untwisting due to central hypovolemia is likely to be a compensatory mechanism for maintaining stroke volume, which is reduced by a decrease in cardiac filling during orthostatic stress. Orthostatic intolerance observed in both high and low fitness levels may be explained by the impaired response of LV untwisting due to central hypovolemia. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 25, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspective For Progress Source Type: research

Exercise as Medicine During the Course of Hip Osteoarthritis
Exercise is now considered medicine in numerous chronic conditions and is essentially without side effects. We hypothesize that exercise is primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention at different stages of hip osteoarthritis (preclinical, mild-moderate, and severe hip osteoarthritis) and after total hip arthroplasty. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 25, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspective For Progress Source Type: research

Exercise Is Muscle Mitochondrial Medicine
Exercise stimulates the biogenesis of mitochondria in muscle. Some literature supports the use of pharmaceuticals to enhance mitochondria as a substitute for exercise. We provide evidence that exercise rejuvenates mitochondrial function, thereby augmenting muscle health with age, in disease, and in the absence of cellular regulators. This illustrates the power of exercise to act as mitochondrial medicine in muscle. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 25, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspective For Progress Source Type: research

Skeletal Muscle Damage Produced by Electrically Evoked Muscle Contractions
Understanding the physiological/mechanical mechanisms leading to skeletal muscle damage remains one of the challenges in muscle physiology. This review presents the functional, structural, and cellular consequences of electrically evoked submaximal isometric contractions that can elicit severe and localized skeletal muscle damage. Hypotheses related to underlying physiological and mechanical processes involved in severe and localized muscle damage also are discussed. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 15, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Heat Versus Altitude Training for Endurance Performance at Sea Level
Environmental stressors, such as heat or altitude, elicit dissimilar physiological adaptations to endurance training programs. Whether these differences (i.e., increased hemoglobin mass vs plasma volume) differentially influence performance is debated. We review data in support of our novel hypothesis, which proposes altitude as the preferred environmental training stimulus for elite endurance athletes preparing to compete in temperate, sea-level climates (5°C–18°C). (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 15, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Optimizing Microbiota Profiles for Athletes
Gut microbiome influences athletes’ physiology, but because of the complexity of sport performance and the great intervariability of microbiome features, it is not reasonable to define a single healthy microbiota profile for athletes. We suggest the use of specific meta-omics analysis coupled with innovative computational systems to uncover the hidden association between microbes and athlete’s physiology and predict personalized recommendation. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 15, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

A Role for Exercise to Counter Skeletal Muscle Clock Disruption
Disruption of the skeletal muscle circadian clock leads to a preferential shift toward lipid oxidation while reducing carbohydrate oxidation. These effects are apparent at the whole-body level, including glucose intolerance, increased energy expenditure, and fasting hyperglycemia. We hypothesize that exercise counters these metabolic disturbances by modifying the skeletal muscle clock and reverting substrate metabolism back toward an optimal substrate balance. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 15, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

The Accurate Assessment of Muscle Excitation Requires the Detection of Multiple Surface Electromyograms
When sampling electromyograms (EMGs) with one pair of electrodes, it seems implicitly assumed the detected signal reflects the net muscle excitation. However, this assumption is discredited by observations of local muscle excitation. Therefore, we hypothesize that the accurate assessment of muscle excitation requires multiple EMG detection and consideration of electrode-fiber alignment. We advise prudence when drawing inferences from individually collected EMGs. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 15, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

The Interaction between Mobility Status and Exercise Specificity in Older Adults
Many adults older than 60 yr experience mobility limitations. Although physical exercise improves older adults' mobility, differences in baseline mobility produce large variations in individual responses to interventions, and these responses could further vary by the type and dose of exercise. Here, we propose an exercise prescription model for older adults based on their current mobility status. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 15, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspectives for Progress Source Type: research

Strength Training: In Search of Optimal Strategies to Maximize Neuromuscular Performance
Training with low-load exercise performed under blood flow restriction can augment muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength to a similar extent as the classical high-load strength training method. However, the blood flow restriction method elicits only minor neural adaptations. In an attempt to maximize training-related gains, we propose using other protocols that combine high voluntary activation, mechanical tension, and metabolic stress. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 15, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspectives for Progress Source Type: research

From the Editor
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 15, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

On the Influence of Group III/IV Muscle Afferent Feedback on Endurance Exercise Performance
This review discusses evidence suggesting that group III/IV muscle afferents affect locomotor performance by influencing neuromuscular fatigue. These neurons regulate the hemodynamic and ventilatory response to exercise and, thus, assure appropriate locomotor muscle O2 delivery, which optimizes peripheral fatigue development and facilitates endurance performance. In terms of central fatigue, group III/IV muscle afferents inhibit motoneuronal output and thereby limit exercise performance. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 11, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Article Source Type: research

Consistent Morning Exercise May Be Beneficial for Individuals With Obesity
This review explores the hypothesis that a consistent exercise time, especially consistent morning exercise, improves exercise adherence and weight management for individuals with overweight or obesity. We discuss data supporting this premise, identify limitations of current research, and outline directions for future research on exercise timing to more robustly evaluate our thesis. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 11, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Article Source Type: research

The Interplay Between Exercise Metabolism, Epigenetics, and Skeletal Muscle Remodeling
We explore work from within the field of skeletal muscle and across the broader field of molecular biology, to propose that the link between exercise and skeletal muscle adaptation lies in the interplay between metabolism and epigenetics. Future investigations into such an interaction are crucial to advance our understanding of the beneficial effects of exercise on performance and health. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 11, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Article Source Type: research

Myocellular Adaptations to Low-Load Blood Flow Restricted Resistance Training
Low-load blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) can stimulate whole-muscle growth and improve muscle function. However, limited knowledge exists on the effects at the myocellular level. We hypothesize that BFRRE has the ability to produce concurrent skeletal muscle myofibrillar, mitochondrial, and microvascular adaptations, thus offering an alternative strategy to counteract decay in skeletal muscle health and function in clinical populations. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 11, 2020 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Article Source Type: research