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The Complex Phenotype of the Athlete's Heart: Implications for Preparticipation Screening
Preparticipation screening is vital to exclude inherited cardiac conditions that have the potential to cause sudden cardiac death in seemingly healthy athletes. Recent research has questioned traditional theories of load-induced, dichotomous cardiac adaptation. We therefore considered whether a one-size-fits-all approach to screening can account for interindividual differences brought about by sporting discipline, training volume, ethnicity, body size, sex, and age. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Joint Loading in Runners Does Not Initiate Knee Osteoarthritis
Runners do not have a greater prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) than nonrunners. The hypothesis that joint loads in running do not cause OA is forwarded. Two mechanisms are proposed: 1) cumulative load, which is surprisingly low in running, is more important for OA risk than peak load, and 2) running conditions cartilage to withstand the mechanical stresses of running. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Mediating Mechanisms
Sedentary behavior has a strong association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, which may be independent of physical activity. To date, the mechanism(s) that mediate this relationship are poorly understood. We hypothesize that sedentary behavior modifies key hemodynamic, inflammatory, and metabolic processes resulting in impaired arterial health. Subsequently, these vascular impairments directly and indirectly contribute to the development of CVD. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Arterial Ventricular Uncoupling With Age and Disease and Recoupling With Exercise
The deterioration in arterial and cardiac function with aging impairs arterial ventricular coupling, an important determinant of cardiovascular performance. However, exercise training improves arterial ventricular coupling especially during exercise. This review examines the concept of arterial-ventricular coupling and how age and disease uncouples, but exercise training recouples, the heart and arterial system. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Mitochondria Initiate and Regulate Sarcopenia
We present the hypothesis that an accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria initiates a signaling cascade leading to motor neuron and muscle fiber death and culminating in sarcopenia. Interactions between neural and muscle cells that contain dysfunctional mitochondria exacerbate sarcopenia. Preventing sarcopenia will require identifying mitochondrial sources of dysfunction that are reversible. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspectives for Progress Source Type: research

Changing Sex Hormones Represent a Cardiovascular Disadvantage for Aging Women
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Commentary to Accompany Source Type: research

Sedentary Behavior and Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Disease—Getting to the Heart of the Matter
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 18, 2017 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Commentary to Accompany Source Type: research

Ecological Momentary Assessment in Physical Activity Research
Theories explaining why individuals participate in physical activity often do not take into account within-person variation or dynamic patterns of change. Time-intensive methods such as Ecological Momentary Assessment are more conducive to capturing time- and spatially-varying explanatory factors and intraindividual fluctuations than traditional methods and thus may yield new insights into the prediction and modeling of physical activity behavior. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 16, 2016 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Exercise is a Novel Promoter of Intestinal Health and Microbial Diversity
This article represents a conceptual model illustrating exercise's role in diversifying the gut microbiota to improve gut and systemic health. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 16, 2016 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Perception of Gait Asymmetry During Split-Belt Walking
Optimization of gait rehabilitation using split-belt treadmills critically depends on our understanding of the roles of somatosensory perception and sensorimotor recalibration in perceiving gait asymmetry and adapting to split-belt walking. Recent evidence justifies the hypothesis that perception of gait asymmetry is based mainly on detection of temporal mismatches between afferent inputs at the spinal level. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 16, 2016 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Mechanisms and Mediators of the Skeletal Muscle Repeated Bout Effect
Skeletal muscle adapts to exercise-induced damage by orchestrating several but still poorly understood mechanisms that endow protection from subsequent damage. Known widely as the repeated bout effect, we propose that neural adaptations, alterations to muscle mechanical properties, structural remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and biochemical signaling work in concert to coordinate the protective adaptation. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 16, 2016 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

The Intriguing Role of Histamine in Exercise Responses
In humans, histamine is a molecular transducer of physical activity responses, and antihistamines modify more than 25% of the genes responding to exercise. Although the upstream signal that results in release of histamine within exercising skeletal muscle remains to be identified, it is likely a fundamental exercise response and not an allergic reaction. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 16, 2016 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Intrinsic (Genetic) Aerobic Fitness Impacts Susceptibility for Metabolic Disease
Low-capacity runner (LCR) and high-capacity runner (HCR) rat strains are divergent for running capacity and aerobic fitness. The LCR rats are susceptible to obesity, insulin resistance, and fatty liver whereas the HCR are protected. We performed studies testing the hypothesis that the divergence in susceptibility for obesity and metabolic dysfunction between HCR/LCR is due to differences in hepatic mitochondrial function that also may drive differences in energy expenditure and substrate usage. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 16, 2016 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

A Fatty Liver Is Neither Appetizing Nor Healthy
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 16, 2016 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Commentary to Accompany Source Type: research

Exercise: The Next Frontier in Microbiota Research?
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 16, 2016 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Commentary to Accompany Source Type: research