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Tourniquet Use During Knee Replacement Surgery May Contribute to Muscle Atrophy in Older Adults
Muscle atrophy after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) occurs at a rate of 1% per day for the first 2 wk. Our hypothesis is that tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring during TKA influences metabolism and may contribute to atrophy. Identifying pathways that are upregulated during this critical “14-d window” after surgery may help us delineate therapeutic approaches to avoid muscle loss. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 19, 2016 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Fiber Type-Specific Effects of Dietary Nitrate
Dietary nitrate supplementation increases circulating nitrite concentration, and the subsequent reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide is promoted in hypoxic environments. Given that PO2 is lower in Type II compared with Type I muscle, this article examines the hypothesis that the ergogenicity of nitrate supplementation is linked to specific effects on vascular, metabolic, and contractile function in Type II muscle. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 19, 2016 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Placing Design and Delivery at the Forefront of Physical Activity Intervention
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 19, 2016 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Commentary to Accompany Source Type: research

Soleus Muscle as a Surrogate for Health Status in Human Heart Failure
We propose the hypothesis that soleus muscle function may provide a surrogate measure of functional capacity in patients with heart failure. We summarize literature pertaining to skeletal muscle as a locus of fatigue and present our recent findings, using in vivo imaging in combination with biomechanical experimentation and modeling, to reveal novel structure-function relationships in chronic heart failure skeletal muscle and gait. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Exercise-Mediated Effects on White and Brown Adipose Tissue Plasticity and Metabolism
Exercise training increases the thermogenic capacity of white adipose tissue (WAT), an effect known as “browning” of the WAT. Here, we discuss how this affects whole-body energy homeostasis. We put forth the hypothesis that browning of the subcutaneous WAT allows the organism to adjust its metabolic rate according to energy availability while coping with increased heat production through exercise. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Analgesic Drugs Alter Connective Tissue Remodeling and Mechanical Properties
Exercising individuals commonly consume analgesics, but these medications alter tendon and skeletal muscle connective tissue properties, possibly limiting a person from realizing the full benefits of exercise training. I detail the novel hypothesis that analgesic medications alter connective tissue structure and mechanical properties by modifying fibroblast production of growth factors and matrix enzymes, which are responsible for extracellular matrix remodeling. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Rationality in Human Movement
It long has been appreciated that humans behave irrationally in economic decisions under risk: they fail to objectively consider uncertainty, costs, and rewards and instead exhibit risk-seeking or risk-averse behavior. We hypothesize that poor estimates of motor variability (influenced by motor task) and distorted probability weighting (influenced by relevant emotional processes) contribute to characteristic irrationality in human movement decisions. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

The Vascular Endothelium in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Novel Target for Aerobic Exercise
Endothelial dysfunction occurs in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and increases the risk for cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction seem to evolve throughout kidney disease progression, culminating in reduced L-arginine transport and impaired nitric oxide bioavailability in advanced disease. This review examines the hypothesis that aerobic exercise may reverse endothelial dysfunction by improving endothelial cell L-arginine uptake in CKD. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Impact of Metformin on Exercise-Induced Metabolic Adaptations to Lower Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Combining metformin with exercise has been proposed to improve glucose homeostasis. However, we primarily discuss evidence suggesting that metformin and other pharmacological agents/dietary supplements (e.g., statins, resveratol, or antioxidants) may in fact oppose exercise-induced benefits on insulin sensitivity and cardiometabolic health. We explore the novel hypothesis that attenuation of oxidative stress from exercise by these exogenous compounds blunts metabolic adaptation. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Adipose Tissue Remodeling During Endurance Training
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Commentaries to Accompany Source Type: research

Exercise Plus Metformin in the Fight Against Diabetes
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Commentaries to Accompany Source Type: research

Editorial
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - December 17, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

Response
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 19, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Letters to the Editor in Chief Source Type: research

Environmental Interventions Are Needed to Provide Sustained Physical Activity Changes
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 19, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Letters to the Editor in Chief Source Type: research

A Genetic Basis for Motivated Exercise
This article examines the evidence for the hypothesis that polymorphisms in NHLH2 or MAO-A contribute to differences in the human motivation for exercise and physical activity. The genetic pathways that link exercise and motivation are discussed. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - September 19, 2015 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research