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Potential Roles of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor During Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) deletion in adult mouse muscle fibers contributes to impaired contractile and muscular adaptations to a hypertrophic stimulus suggesting a critical role in adult muscle growth. This review explores the hypothesis that VEGF is essential for adult muscle growth by impacting inflammatory processes, satellite-endothelial cell interactions, and contractile protein accumulation by functioning within known hypertrophic signaling pathways including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1-Akt) and Wnt-ß-catenin. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 16, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Skeletal Muscle Function in the Oldest-Old: The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors
Although skeletal muscle function is diminished with advanced age, single muscle fiber function seems to be preserved. Therefore, this review examines the hypothesis that the skeletal muscle fiber, per se, is not the predominant factor responsible for the reduction in force-generating capacity in the oldest-old, but, rather, is attributable to a combination of factors external to the muscle fibers. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 16, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on the Muscle Stem Cell Response
Satellite cells are indispensable for skeletal muscle repair and regeneration and are associated with muscle growth in humans. Aerobic exercise training results in improved skeletal muscle health also translating to an increase in satellite cell pool activation. We postulate that aerobic exercise improves satellite cell function in skeletal muscle. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 16, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

The Microvasculature and Skeletal Muscle Health in Aging
This article examines the hypothesis that preservation of skeletal muscle capillarization is essential to maintain metabolism, fitness, and function with aging. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 16, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Circulating microRNA as Emerging Biomarkers of Exercise
An interest has recently emerged in the role of circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs) as posttranscriptional regulators, intercellular communicators and, especially, as potential biomarkers of the systemic response to acute exercise and training. We propose that, with the limited, heterogeneous, and mainly descriptive information currently available, c-miRNAs do not provide a reliable biomarker of exercise in healthy or diseased individuals. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 16, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Motor Learning Triggers Neuroplastic Processes While Awake and During Sleep
Behavioral changes characteristic for motor learning result from synaptic plasticity within the sensorimotor system. This review summarizes how the central nervous system responds rapidly to motor activity while awake. It then discusses evidence for the hypothesis that sleep is essential for both stabilizing previously acquired motor memories and maintaining the brain’s efficacy to undergo plastic changes to learn new skills. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 16, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Performance Limitations in Heart Transplant Recipients
We hypothesize that the reduced peak aerobic power (peak V˙O2) after heart transplantation is due to impaired cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function, and its improvement with short-term (≤1 yr) exercise training is primarily due to favorable skeletal muscle adaptations. Furthermore, the increased peak V˙O2 with long-term (>2 yr) training is primarily mediated by cardiac (sympathetic) reinnervation. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 16, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspective for Progress Source Type: research

Concepts About V˙O2max and Trainability Are Context Dependent
Some individuals show little or no increase in maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) in response to training programs consistent with public health guidelines. However, results from studies using more intense programs challenge the concept that some humans have limited trainability. We explore the implications of these divergent observations on the biology of trainability and propose a new set of twin studies to explore them. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 16, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Perspective for Progress Source Type: research

Exercise Nonresponders: Genetic Curse, Poor Compliance, or Improper Prescription?
No abstract available (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - June 16, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Commentary to Accompany Source Type: research

Specificity of “Live High-Train Low” Altitude Training on Exercise Performance
The novel hypothesis that “Live High-Train Low” (LHTL) does not improve sport-specific exercise performance (e.g., time trial) is discussed. Indeed, many studies demonstrate improved performance after LHTL but, unfortunately, control groups are often lacking, leaving open the possibility of training camp effects. Importantly, when control groups, blinding procedures, and strict scientific evaluation criteria are applied, LHTL has no detectable effect on performance. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 20, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Biomechanical Response to Osteoarthritis Pain Treatment May Impair Long-Term Efficacy
Pain has an important physiologic role and acts with or stimulates motor system adaptations to protect tissue from threats of damage. Although clinically beneficial, removing the protective pain response may have negative consequence in osteoarthritis, a mechanically mediated disease. We hypothesize motor system adaptations to joint pain and its treatment may impact osteoarthritis progression, thereby limiting efficacy of pain therapies. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 20, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Using Drosophila to Understand Biochemical and Behavioral Responses to Exercise
The development of endurance exercise paradigms in Drosophila has facilitated study of genetic factors that control individual response to exercise. Recent work in Drosophila has demonstrated that activation of octopaminergic neurons is alone sufficient to confer exercise adaptations to sedentary flies. These results suggest that adrenergic activity is both necessary and sufficient to promote endurance exercise adaptations. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 20, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Promotion of Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis Through Health Care Providers
Participation in exercise yields meaningful benefits among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), yet this population engages in low rates of health-promoting physical activity. The disconnect between evidence of benefits and rates of participation requires consideration of new opportunities for changing this health behavior. The current article hypothesizes that the patient-provider interaction offers a fertile opportunity for promoting exercise behavior in MS. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 20, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

The Nuclear Receptor Nor-1 Is a Pleiotropic Regulator of Exercise-Induced Adaptations
Exercise induces various physical and metabolic changes in skeletal muscle that adaptively reprograms this tissue to current physiological and environmental demands. Underlying these changes are broad modifications to gene expression. We postulate that the nuclear hormone receptor, Nor-1, is activated after exercise, and this transcription factor modifies gene expression to drive the molecular and cellular adaptations associated with contractile reorganization. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 20, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research

The Hippo Signaling Pathway in the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function
The Hippo signaling pathway regulates the activity of the proteins Yes-associated protein (Yap) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (Taz) to control tissue growth in many different cell types. Previously, we demonstrated that Yap is a critical regulator of skeletal muscle mass. We hypothesize that alterations in Yap and Taz activity modulate the anabolic adaptations of skeletal muscle to resistance exercise. (Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews)
Source: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - March 20, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Articles Source Type: research