White Matter Alterations in < b > < i > Fmr1 < /i > < /b > Knockout Mice during Early Postnatal Brain Development
In this study, we examined several white matter regions in the maleFmr1 KO mouse brain compared to male wild-type (WT) mice at postnatal days (PND) 18, 21, 30, and 60, which coincide with critical stages of myelination and postnatal brain development. White matter volume, T2 relaxation time, and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) were measured using magnetic resonance imaging and myelin content was determined with histological staining of myelin. Differences in the developmental accumulation of white matter and myelin betweenFmr1 KO and WT mice were observed in the corpus callosum, external and internal capsules, cerebral ...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - April 29, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Maternal Undernourishment in Guinea Pigs Leads to Fetal Growth Restriction with Increased Hypoxic Cells and Oxidative Stress in the Brain
Conclusions: Chronic hypoxia is likely to be an important signaling mechanism in the FGR brain, but with males showing more hypoxia than females. This may involve sex differences in adaptive decreases in growth and normalizing of oxygen, with implications for sex-specific alterations in brain development and risk for later neuropsychiatric disorder.Dev Neurosci (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - April 21, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Integrated Effects of Neonatal Ventral Hippocampal Lesions and Impoverished Social-Environmental Rearing on Endophenotypes of Mental Illness and Addiction Vulnerability
A wide range of mental illnesses show high rates of addiction comorbidities regardless of their genetic, neurodevelopmental, and/or adverse-environmental etiologies. Understanding how the spectrum of mental illnesses produce addiction vulnerability will be key to discovering more effective preventions and integrated treatments for adults with addiction and dual diagnosis comorbidities. A population of 131 rats containing a spectrum of etiological mental illness models and degrees of severity was experimentally generated by crossing neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL;n = 68) or controls (SHAM-operated;n = 63) with a...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - March 11, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Combined Treatment with Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 and AMD3100 Improves Motor Outcome in a Murine Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
The objective of this study was to assess the short-term efficacy of inducing endogenous stem cell mobilization after injury in a model of neonatal HIE. Postnatal day 9 CD1 pups received sham surgery or unilateral carotid artery ligation and 30 min of hypoxia followed by saline, AMD3100, IGF1, or both agents. Intraperitoneal injections of 5-ethynyl-2 ′-deoxyuridine (EdU) and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine were used to label replicating progenitor cells. At P14, animals underwent rotarod testing, and the brains were sectioned for area measurements and immunofluorescence staining. Comparisons were made using one-way analysi...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - February 13, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Abnormal Auditory Mismatch Fields in Children and Adolescents with 47,XYY Syndrome
This study investigated whether similar findings are observed in XYY-associated ASD and whether delayed processing is also present in individuals with XYYwithout ASD. MEG measured MMFs arising from the left and the right superior temporal gyrus during an auditory oddball paradigm with vowel stimuli (/a/ and /u/) in children/adolescents with XYY both with and without a diagnosis of ASD, as well as in those with ASD-I and in typically developing controls (TD). Ninety male participants (6 –17 years old) were included in the final analyses (TD,n = 38, 11.50 ± 2.88 years; ASD-I,n = 21, 13.83 ± 3.25 years; XYY without ASD,n ...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - July 5, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Preface
Dev Neurosci (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - June 28, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Learning and Memory Effects of Neonatal Methamphetamine Exposure in Sprague-Dawley Rats: Test of the Role of Dopamine Receptors D1 in Mediating the Long-Term Effects
Methamphetamine (MA) abuse is a worldwide issue that produces health and cognitive effects in the user. MA is abused by some women who then become pregnant and expose their developing child to the drug. Preclinical rodent models demonstrate cognitive deficits following developmental MA exposure, an effect observed in children exposed to MA in utero. To determine if the dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) is involved in the learning and memory deficits following MA exposure, male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated 4 times daily at 2 h intervals with 0 (saline) or 10 mg/kg of MA from postnatal day (P)6 –15, 30 min after 0.5, 1.0, or...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - June 18, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Perinatal Ischemia Alters Global Expression of Synaptosomal Proteins Critical for Neural Plasticity in the Developing Mouse Brain
Ischemic perinatal stroke (IPS) affects 1 in 2,300 –5,000 live births. Despite a survival rate #x3e;95%, approximately 60% of IPS infants develop motor and cognitive impairments. Given the importance of axonal growth and synaptic plasticity in neurocognitive development, our objective was to identify the molecular pathways underlying IPS-associate d synaptic dysfunction using a mouse model. IPS was induced by unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery of postnatal day 10 (P10) mice. Five days after ischemia, sensorimotor and motor functions were assessed by vibrissae-evoked forepaw placement and the tail suspension...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - June 17, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Rapid and Efficient Differentiation of Rodent Neural Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) may have beneficial effects in cell replacement therapy of neurodegenerative disease owing to their unique capability to differentiate into myelinogenic oligodendrocytes (OLs) in response to extrinsic signals. Therefore, it is of significance to establish an effective differentiation methodology to generate highly pure OPCs and OLs from some easily accessible stem cell sources. To achieve this goal, in this study, we present a rapid and efficient protocol for oligodendroglial lineage differentiation from mouse neural stem cells (NSCs), rat NSCs, or mouse embryonic stem cell-derived n...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - June 5, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Preschool Language Outcomes following Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in the Age of Therapeutic Hypothermia
Early studies following perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) suggested expressive language deficits and academic difficulties, but there is only limited detailed study of language development in this population since the widespread adoption of therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Expressive and receptive language testing was performed as part of a larger battery with 45 children with a mean age of 26 months following perinatal HIE treated with TH. Overall cohort outcomes as well as the effects of gender, estimated household income, initial pH and base excess, and pattern of injury on neonatal brain MRI were assessed. T...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - June 5, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Ascending Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intrauterine Inflammation in Near-Term Rabbits Leading to Newborn Neurobehavioral Deficits
Conclusions: This is the first study using an ascending LPS-induced intrauterine inflammation model in rabbits, showing mostly transient hypertonia and mainly locomotor deficits in the kits. Not all proinflammatory cytokines are increased in the fetal brain following LPS administration. Changes in key tetrahydro biopterin biosynthetic enzymes possibly indicate different effects of the inflammatory insult.Dev Neurosci (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - June 4, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Rapid Postnatal Adaptation of Neurodevelopment in Pigs Born Late Preterm
Preterm birth interrupts intrauterine brain growth and maturation and may induce a delay in postnatal neurodevelopment. Such developmental delays can result from the reduced fetal age at birth, together with the clinical compli cations of preterm birth (e.g., hypoxia, ischemia, and inflammation). We hypothesized that late preterm birth, inducing only mild clinical complications, has minimal effects on brain-related outcomes such as motor function and behavior. Using the pig as a model for late preterm infants, piglets we re cesarean delivered preterm (90%, 106 days gestation) or at full term, reared by identical procedur...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - May 29, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Assessment of Prenatal Kynurenine Metabolism Using Tissue Slices: Focus on the Neosynthesis of Kynurenic Acid in Mice
Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that abnormally elevated brain levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation, play a pathophysiologically significant role in schizophrenia and other major neurodevelopmental disorders. Studies in experimental animal models suggest that KP impairments in these diseases may originate already in utero since prenatal administration of KYNA ’s bioprecursor, kynurenine, leads to biochemical and structural abnormalities as well as distinct cognitive impairments in adulthood. As KP metabolism during pregnancy is still insuf...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - May 23, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Neonatal Inhibition of Connexin 36 Ameliorates Fetal Brain Injury Induced by Maternal Noninfectious Fever in Mice
Prenatal fever could result in brain function impairments in the offspring. The present study investigated the effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced maternal fever on the offspring and the involvement of connexin 36 in this process. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were injected with IL-6 on gestational day 15. The levels of iNOS and COX-2 were measured as an index of neuroinflammation in the brain of newborn pups. Offspring were treated with the connexin 36 (Cx36) inhibitor mefloquine at postnatal day (P)1 –P3 or at P40–P42. Rotarod, grip traction, and foot fault tests were carried out to evaluate the motor behavior of adult o...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - May 21, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Hypoxia-Ischemia and Hypothermia Independently and Interactively Affect Neuronal Pathology in Neonatal Piglets with Short-Term Recovery
Therapeutic hypothermia is the standard of clinical care for moderate neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. We investigated the independent and interactive effects of hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and temperature on neuronal survival and injury in basal ganglia and cerebral cortex in neonatal piglets. Male piglets were randomized to receive HI injury or sham procedure followed by 29 h of normothermia, sustained hypothermia induced at 2 h, or hypothermia with rewarming during fentanyl-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Viable and injured neurons and apoptotic profiles were counted in the anterior putamen, posterior putamen, and motor co...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - May 20, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
