Human Umbilical Cord Blood Therapy Protects Cerebral White Matter from Systemic LPS Exposure in Preterm Fetal Sheep
Conclusions: UCB cell treatment following inflammation reduces preterm white matter brain injury, likely mediated via anti-inflammatory actions.Dev Neurosci (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - September 7, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury Increases Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Metalloproteinase Inhibitors in Fetal Sheep Brain
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a leading cause of neurodevelopmental morbidities in preterm and full-term infants. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction represents an important component of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a vital component of the blood-brain barrier. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are important ECM components. They contribute to brain development, blood-brain barrier maintenance, and to regenerative and repair processes after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. We hypothesized that ischemia at different durations...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - July 26, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Different Developmental Pattern of Brain Activities in ADHD: A Study of Resting-State fMRI
In this study, we hypothesized that there are significant differences in the developmental patterns of local and global brain activities between ADHD and typically developing (TD) individuals. Three voxel-based measurements and the functional connectivity (FC) of the brain networks were extracted from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of both ADHD and TD participants 7 –16 years of age. The topological properties of brain networks in both groups were also analyzed, including hubs, hemispheric symmetry, together with local and global efficiency. The results showed, from the local perspective, that...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - July 13, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Egr-1 Maintains NSC Proliferation and Its Overexpression Counteracts Cell Cycle Exit Triggered by the Withdrawal of Epidermal Growth Factor
In adult mammals, neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in specialized niches at the level of selected CNS regions, such as the subventricular zone (SVZ). The signaling pathways that reg ulate NSC proliferation and differentiation remain poorly understood. Early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) is an important transcription factor, widely studied in the adult mammalian brain, mediating the activation of target genes by a variety of extracellular stimuli. In our study, we aimed at testing how Egr-1 regulates adult NSCs derived from mouse SVZ and, in particular, the interplay between Egr-1 and the proliferative factor EGF. We d...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - July 5, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
The Relationship between White Matter and Reading Acquisition, Refinement and Maintenance
Conclusion: We discuss these different associations of white-matter tracts with reading during development in the context of the biological processes model of myelination and pruning.Dev Neurosci (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - June 25, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Brain Barrier Disruption and Region-Specific Neuronal Degeneration during Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Pigs
In conclusion, altered BCSFB properties and brain structural deficits were observed in pigs after preterm birth. Acute gastrointestinal NEC lesions were associated with systemic inflammation, increased BCSFB permeability and region-specific neurona l damage. The results demonstrate the importance of early interventions against NEC to prevent brain injury in preterm infants.Dev Neurosci (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - June 6, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Hypothermia Is Neuroprotective after Severe Hypoxic-Ischaemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats Pre-Exposed to PAM < sub > 3 < /sub > CSK < sub > 4 < /sub >
Conclusion: In these experiments with severe brain injury, Toll-like receptor-2 triggering prior to HI injury does not have an additive injurious effect, and there is a small but significant neuroprotective effect of HT. HT appears to be neuroprotective over a continuum of injury severity in this model, and the effect size tapers off with increasing area loss. Our results indicate that gram-positive inflammatory exposure prior to HI injury does not negate the neuroprotective effect of HT in severe brain injury.Dev Neurosci (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - June 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Juvenile Traumatic Brain Injury Results in Cognitive Deficits Associated with Impaired Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Early Tauopathy
The leading cause of death in the juvenile population is trauma, and in particular neurotrauma. The juvenile brain response to neurotrauma is not completely understood. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been shown to contribute to injury expansion and behavioral deficits in adult rodents and furthermore has been seen in adult postmortem human brains diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Whether endoplasmic reticulum stress is increased in juveniles with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is poorly delineated. We investigated this important topic using a juvenile rat controlled cortical impact (CCI) model. We propo...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - May 29, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Intrauterine Growth Restriction Affects Cerebellar Granule Cells in the Developing Guinea Pig Brain
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can lead to adverse neurodevelopmental sequelae in postnatal life. However, the effects of IUGR on the cerebellum are still to be fully elucidated. A major determinant of growth and development of the cerebellum is proliferation and subsequent migration of cerebellar granule cells. Our objective was to determine whether IUGR, induced by chronic placental insufficiency (CPI) in guinea pigs, results in abnormal cerebellar development due to deficits suggestive of impaired granule cell proliferation and/or migration. CPI was induced by unilateral ligation of the uterine artery at mid-ges...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - May 15, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Differential Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Expression in Persistent Radial Glia in the Human and Sheep Subventricular Zone
In this study, we demonstrate the distribution of FABP in the adult human SVZ and fetal ventricular zone and reveal its expression on persistent radial glia that may be involved in adult neurogenesis.Dev Neurosci (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - April 20, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
High Concentration of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Protects Primary Astrocytes from Apoptosis
Conclusions: Our studies revealed that GDNF has a noticeable antiapoptotic effect on gene-injured astrocytes. This may provide critical clues for the treatment of a series of diseases in which damaged astrocytes are involved.Dev Neurosci (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - April 13, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Cranial Irradiation Induces Hypothalamic Injury and Late-Onset Metabolic Disturbances in Juvenile Female Rats
This study demonstrates that ionizing radiation to the juvenile female brain induces hypothalamic damage that is likely to be associated with delayed metabolic abnormalities, and this critical vulnerability of the hypothalamus to irradiation should be taken into consideration in the development of future protective strategies for radiotherapy.Dev Neurosci (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - April 10, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Altered Hippocampal Gene Expression and Morphology in Fetal Piglets following Maternal Respiratory Viral Infection
Maternal infection during pregnancy increases the risk of neurobehavioral problems in offspring. Evidence from rodent models indicates that the maternal immune response to infection can alter fetal brain development, particularly in the hippocampus. However, information on the effects of maternal viral infection on fetal brain development in gyrencephalic species is limited. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess several effects of maternal viral infection in the last one-third of gestation on hippocampal gene expression and development in fetal piglets. Pregnant gilts were inoculated with porcine reproductive and...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - March 15, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Neonatal Stress Has a Long-Lasting Sex-Dependent Effect on Anxiety-Like Behavior and Neuronal Morphology in the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus
We examined the chronic effects of daily maternal separation (MS) on behavior and cerebral morphology in both male and female rats. Cognitive and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated, and neuroplastic changes in 2 subregions of the prefrontal cortex (dorsal agranular insular cortex [AID] and cingulate cortex [Cg3]) and hippocampus (CA1 and dentate gyrus) were measured in adult male and female rats. The animals were subjected to MS on postnatal day (P) 3 –14 for 3 h per day. Cognitive and emotional behaviors were assessed in the object/context mismatch task, elevated plus maze, and locomotor activity test in early adulth...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - February 22, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Exogenous β-Hydroxybutyrate Treatment and Neuroprotection in a Suckling Rat Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective efficacy of exogenous BHB administration in a suckling rat model after hypoxi a-ischemia (HI). Thirteen-day-old (P13) rat pups were subjected to 120 min of hypoxia according to the Rice-Vannucci model. BHB (5.0 mmol/kg, HI-BHB) or vehicle (0.9% saline, HI-Veh) was administered 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after HI induction. Pathologic injury scores and the number of TUNEL-positive cells were evaluated on P15. Residual hemispheric volume was measured with T2-weighted MRI (on P27) and functional tests, such as the negative geotaxis test, rope suspension test, rotarod test, novel objec...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - February 21, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
