Endocannabinoid Receptor Expression in Early Zebrafish Development
This study combines reverse-transcriptase PCR with in situ hybridizations to compile a timeline of the developmental expression of six key cannabinoid receptors; cb1, cb2, trpv1, trpa1a, trpa1b, and gpr55 in zebrafish embryos, starting from as early as 6 hours post fertilization (hpf) until 3 days post fertilization. This time frame is roughly equivalent to two to ten weeks in human embryonic development. All six genes were confirmed to be expressed within this time range and share similarities with human and rodent expression. Cb1 expression was first detected between 12 and 24 hpf in the retina and CNS, and its expressio...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - February 15, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Alterations in the Stool Microbiome in Newborns undergoing Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia after Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Conclusion: In this study we demonstrate an alteration in the microbiota composition in newborns undergoing TH for HIE. (359 words) (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - February 9, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Vitamin E Decreases Cytotoxicity and Mitigates Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Responses in a Ferret Organotypic Brain Slice Model of Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia
The gyrencephalic ferret brain is an excellent model in which to study hypoxia-ischemia (HI), a significant contributor to neurological injury in neonates. Vitamin E, an essential fat-soluble antioxidant, reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in both animal models and neonates. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Vitamin E after oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in an organotypic ferret brain slice model of neonatal HI. We hypothesized that Vitamin E would decrease cytotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress in OGD-exposed brain slices. Term-equivalent ferrets were sacrificed at postnatal (P) day 21-...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - February 8, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
The utility of cerebral autoregulation indices in detecting severe brain injury varies by cooling treatment phase in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
Identifying the hemodynamic range that best supports cerebral perfusion using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) autoregulation monitoring is a potential physiological marker for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) during therapeutic hypothermia. However, an optimal autoregulation monitoring algorithm has not been identified for neonatal clinical medicine. We tested whether the hemoglobin volume phase (HVP), hemoglobin volume (HVx), and pressure passivity index (PPI) identify changes in autoregulation that are associated with brain injury on MRI or death. The HVP measures the phase difference between a NIRS metri...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - January 31, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
The difference in the cytoskeletal machinery of growth cones of growing axons and leading processes
In this study, we compared axonal elongating growth cones and leading process growth cones in the same conditions that manipulated filopodia, lamellipodia and drebrin, the latter mediates actin filament-microtubule interaction. Cerebral cortex (CX) neurons and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) neurons from embryonic mice were cultured on less-adhesive cover glasses. Inhibition of filopodia formation by triple knock down of Mena, ENA and VASP or double knock down of Daam1 and fascin affected axon formation of CX neurons but did not affect the morphology of leading process of MGE neurons. On the other hand, treatment with CK6...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - January 31, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Influence of Testosterone depletion on Neurotrophin-4 in Hippocampal synaptic plasticity and its effects on learning and memory
Sex steroids are neuromodulators that play a crucial role in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity, providing circuit flexibility and dynamic functional connectivity in mammals. Previous studies indicate that testosterone is crucial for neuronal functions and required further investigation on various frontiers. However, it is surprising to note that studies on testosterone-induced NT-4 expression and its influence on synaptic plasticity and learning and memory moderation are scanty. The present study is focused on analyzing the localized influence of neurotrophin-4 (NT4) on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and associate...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - January 27, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Developmental iron deficiency dysregulates TET activity and DNA hydroxymethylation in the rat hippocampus and cerebellum
Iron deficiency (ID) during neurodevelopment is associated with lasting cognitive and socioemotional deficits, and increased risk for neuropsychiatric disease throughout the lifespan. These neurophenotypical changes are underlain by gene dysregulation in the brain that outlasts the period of ID; however, the mechanisms by which ID establishes and maintains gene expression changes are incompletely understood. The epigenetic modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), or DNA hydroxymethylation, is one candidate mechanism because of its dependence on iron-containing TET enzymes. The aim of the present study was to determine ...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - January 11, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Promotion of the Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells into Oligodendrocytes by Knockdown of Heat-Shock Protein 27
In conclusion, our data provide an example of oligodendrocyte differentiation of a DPSCs model that may have potential application in human regenerative medicine. (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - January 5, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals the Distinct Role of 5 ′UTR-Specific m6A RNA Modification in Mice Developing Cerebral Cortices
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) abundantly exists in the cerebral cortex and is emerging as an essential factor in cortical development and function. As the m6A-binding site appears to be dynamically methylated in different RNA regions at the temporal-specific developing stage, it is of value to distinguish the unique character of region- and temporal-specific m6A. Herein, we analyzed the status of temporal-specific m6A within RNA 5 ′ untranslated region (5′UTR) using m6A-methylated sequencing data and transcriptomic sequencing data from 12.5- to 13-day embryonic cerebral cortices and 14-day postnatal ones. We identified sort...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - December 27, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals the Distinct Role of 5 ’UTR-specific m6A RNA Modification in Mice Developing Cerebral Cortices
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) abundantly exists in the cerebral cortex, and is emerging as an essential factor in cortical development and function. As the m6A binding site appears to be dynamically methylated in different RNA regions at the temporal-specific developing stage, it is of value to distinguish the unique character of region- and temporal-specific m6A. Herein, we analyzed the status of temporal-specific m6A within RNA 5 ’ untranslated region (5’UTR) using m6A-methylated sequencing data and transcriptomic sequencing data from 12.5-13-day embryonic cerebral cortices and 14-day postnatal ones. We identified sorts o...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - December 27, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
L-Ascorbic Acid and Curcumin Prevents Brain Damage Induced via Lead Acetate in Rats: Possible Mechanisms
This study aimed to evaluate the possible neuroprotective role of L-ascorbic acid (ASCR) and curcumin (CRCM) alone or together against lead ac.-induced neurotoxicity. Rats were injected with lead ac. then treated orally with ASCR and CRCM alone or in combination for 7 days. Lead ac. caused elevation in brain tumor necrosis factor- α, interleukin-6, caspase-3, and malondialdehyde levels, while superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione as well as the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cAMP response element-binding, and Beclin1 were downregulated. Expressions of C/EBP homologous protein and mammalian Target of ...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - December 23, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
L-Ascorbic Acid and Curcumin prevents Brain Damage-induced via Lead Acetate in Rats: Possible Mechanisms
This study aimed to evaluate the possible neuroprotective role of L-ascorbic (ASCR) and curcumin (CRCM) alone or together against lead ac.-induced neurotoxicity. Rats were injected with lead ac. then treated orally with ASCR and CRCM alone or in combination for seven days. Lead ac. caused elevation in brain tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), caspase-3, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, while superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding (CREB) and Beclin1 were down-regulated. Expressions of C/...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - December 23, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Is late prevention of cerebral palsy in extremely preterm infants plausible?
Preterm birth continues to be associated with neurodevelopmental problems including cerebral palsy. Cystic white matter injury is still the major neuropathology underlying cerebral palsy, affecting 1-3% of preterm infants. Although rates have gradually fallen over time, the pathogenesis and evolution of cystic white matter injury are still poorly understood. Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) remains an important contributor yet there is no established treatment to prevent injury. Clinically, serial ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging studies typically show delayed development of cystic lesions 2 to 4 weeks after birth. This rais...
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - December 22, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Exosome miR-23a-3p From Osteoblast Alleviates Spinal Cord Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Down-regulating KLF3-activated CCNL2 Transcription
Conclusion: Exosome miR-23a-3p from osteoblast alleviates SCIRI by down-regulating KLF3-activated CCNL2 transcription. (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - December 22, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Intrauterine growth restriction disrupts the postnatal critical period of synaptic plasticity in the mouse dorsal hippocampus in a model of hypertensive disease of pregnancy
Conclusion: IUGR disrupts the molecular and structural initiation, consolidation and closure of the CPd of synaptic plasticity in the mouse hippocampus in our model, which may explain the learning and memory deficits observed in juvenile IUGR mice and the cognitive disorders seen in human IUGR offspring. The mechanistic links warrant further investigation, to identify therapeutic targets to prevent neurodevelopmental deficits in patients affected by IUGR. (Source: Developmental Neuroscience)
Source: Developmental Neuroscience - December 21, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
