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Mucosal Immune System of Cattle
This article discusses key concepts important for mucosal immunity. The mucosa is the largest immune organ of the body. The mucosal barrier (the tight junctions and the “kill zone”) along with the mucosa epithelial cells maintaining an anti-inflammatory state are essential for the mucosal firewall. The microbiome (the microorganisms that are in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tract) is essential for immune development, homeostasis, immune re sponse, and maximizing animal productivity. Mucosal vaccination provides an opportunity to protect animals from most infectious diseases because oral, gastroint...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Christopher Chase, Radhey S. Kaushik Source Type: research

Preface
Few fields have seen such growth in information as immunology. It has been over 15 years since the last issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice contained an issue on ruminant immunology. The aim of this issue was not to provide proscriptive vaccine protocols but to guide the reader to the current concepts and approaches to understand how to optimize the immune system in these times when we are decreasing reliance on antimicrobials. Two-thirds of the subjects in this issue were not more than abstract ideas in 2003. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Christopher Chase Source Type: research

Ruminant Immunology
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Christopher Chase Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contributors
ROBERT A. SMITH, DVM, MS (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contents
Christopher Chase (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Ruminant Parasitology (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Cellular Mechanisms and Epigenetic Changes
In the context of physiologic responses that determine the growth, development, and health status of livestock, the role of epigenetics and the underlying cellular mechanisms it affects remain to be fully elucidated. Although recent work has provided evidence that maternal dietary energy level, carbohydrate type, or intestinal supply of methyl donors can elicit molecular changes in tissues of the embryo, fetus, or neonate, there are few data linking epigenetics with biochemical and physiologic outcomes. Therefore, efforts linking the epigenome with physiologic and developmental outcomes offer exciting opportunities for dis...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 16, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Ahmed Elolimy, Mario Vailati-Riboni, Yusheng Liang, Juan J. Loor Source Type: research

Postnatal Nutrient Repartitioning due to Adaptive Developmental Programming
Fetal stress induces developmental adaptations that result in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and low birthweight. These adaptations reappropriate nutrients to the most essential tissues, which benefits fetal survival. The same adaptations are detrimental to growth efficiency and carcass value in livestock, however, because muscle is disproportionally targeted. IUGR adipocytes, liver tissues, and pancreatic β-cells also exhibit functional adaptations. Identifying mechanisms underlying adaptive changes is fundamental to improving outcomes and value in low birthweight livestock. The article outlines studies that have...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 16, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Robert J. Posont, Dustin T. Yates Source Type: research

The Effects of Developmental Programming upon Neonatal Mortality
The greatest loss in ruminant production systems occurs during the neonatal period. The maternal environment (nutrition and physiologic status) influences neonatal mortality and morbidity as it reportedly affects (a) Dystocia, both via increasing birth weight and placental dysfunction; (b) Neonatal thermoregulation, both via altering the amount of brown adipose tissue and its ability to function via effects upon the hypothalamic –pituitary–thyroid axis; (c) Modification of the developing immune system and its symbiotic nutrient sources; (d) Modification of maternal and neonatal behavior. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 16, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: V.E.A. Perry, K.J. Copping, G. Miguel-Pacheco, J. Hernandez- Medrano Source Type: research

Developmental Programming of Fertility in Livestock
Developmental programming became an area of interest to understand negative environmental impacts on progeny performance. Recently, the concept that we may be able to harness developmental programming to target animals to their niche in the production system has gained recognition. Female fertility is an area where developmental programming has been moderately successful; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Although some studies have demonstrated differences in gonadal development and attainment of puberty in response to developmental programming, these have not translated to improved fertility. To improve response to ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 16, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Robert A. Cushman, George A. Perry Source Type: research

Effects on Animal Health and Immune Function
The concept of developmental programming was established using epidemiologic studies that investigated chronic illnesses in humans, such as coronary heart disease and hypertension. In livestock species, the impacts of developmental programming are important for production and welfare reasons and are used as research models for human and other animal species. Dams should be in adequate nutritional status to ensure optimal nutrient supply for fetal growth, including development of their immune system. Beef and dairy cows with insufficient nutrient intake during gestation produce calves with reduced immunity against diseases,...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 16, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Reinaldo F. Cooke Source Type: research

In Utero Heat Stress Programs Reduced Performance and Health in Calves
Heat stress during late gestation adversely impacts the developing calf. Calves that experience heat stress are born at a lower bodyweight and those deficits persist at least until puberty. In utero heat stress reduces passive transfer and calf survival. Late gestation heat stress programs a phenotype with lower milk yield, relative to herd mates born to cooled dams, in the first lactation and subsequent lactations. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 16, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Geoffrey E. Dahl, Amy L. Skibiel, Jimena Laporta Source Type: research

Developmental Programming of Fetal Growth and Development
Maternal stressors that affect fetal development result in “developmental programming,” which is associated with increased risk of various chronic pathologic conditions in the offspring, including metabolic syndrome; growth abnormalities; and reproductive, immune, behavioral, or cognitive dysfunction that can persist throughout their lifetime and even a cross subsequent generations. Developmental programming thus can lead to poor health, reduced longevity, and reduced productivity. Current research aims to develop management and therapeutic strategies to optimize fetal growth and development and thereby overcome the ne...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 16, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Lawrence P. Reynolds, Pawel P. Borowicz, Joel S. Caton, Matthew S. Crouse, Carl R. Dahlen, Alison K. Ward Source Type: research

Overgrowth Syndrome
Large offspring syndrome (LOS) is a fetal overgrowth condition in bovines most often observed in offspring conceived with the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Phenotypes observed in LOS include, overgrowth, enlarged tongues, umbilical hernias, muscle and skeleton malformations, abnormal organ growth and placental development. Although LOS cases have only been reported to be associated with ART, fetal overgrowth can occur spontaneously in cattle (S-LOS). S-LOS refers to oversized calves that are born at normal gestation lengths. ART-induced LOS has been characterized as an epigenetic syndrome, more specifica...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 16, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Yahan Li, Callum G. Donnelly, Roc ío Melissa Rivera Source Type: research