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Biology and Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Cattle
This article reviews the basics of gastrointestinal nematode biology and pathophysiology in cattle and describes how gastrointestinal nematode epidemiology is driven by environmental, host, and farm economic determinants. Adverse effects from gastrointestinal nematodes on their hosts are caused by tissue damage, nutrient absorption, immunopathologic effects, and reduced food intake induced by hormonal changes. Weather and microenvironmental factors influence the development and survival of free-living parasitic stages. A holistic control approach entails the consideration of environmental, immunologic, and socioeconomic as...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Johannes Charlier, Johan H öglund, Eric R. Morgan, Peter Geldhof, Jozef Vercruysse, Edwin Claerebout Source Type: research

What Modeling Parasites, Transmission, and Resistance Can Teach Us
Veterinarians and farmers must contend with the development of drug resistance and climate variability, which threaten the sustainability of current parasite control practices. Field trials evaluating competing strategies for controlling parasites while simultaneously slowing the development of resistance are time consuming and expensive. In contrast, modelling studies can rapidly explore a wide range of scenarios and have generated an array of decision support tools for veterinarians and farmers such as real-time weather-dependent infection risk alerts. Models have also been valuable for predicting the development of anth...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Hannah Rose Vineer Source Type: research

Refugia-Based Strategies for Parasite Control in Livestock
Refugia-based strategies are intended to help slow the development of anthelmintic resistance by providing a population of parasites that are not exposed to the treatment. Evidence from field studies is lacking. There is no single way to incorporate refugia into a parasite control program. There are many options available varying greatly in complexity and practicality, and none are suitable for all situations. Incorporating refugia into production systems typically requires a change in farmer mindset and greater input of time, labor, and/or technology, but is necessary to help preserve anthelmintic efficacy and promote sus...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Andrew W. Greer, Jan A. Van Wyk, Joseph C. Hamie, Charles Byaruhanga, Fiona Kenyon Source Type: research

Neosporosis, Toxoplasmosis, and Sarcocystosis in Ruminants
This article reviews information on the etiology, life cycle, diagnosis, control and prevention of these parasites and the diseases they cause in ruminants. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: David S. Lindsay, J.P. Dubey Source Type: research

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Ruminants
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are ubiquitous protozoan parasites that infect a broad range of vertebrate hosts, including domestic and wild animals as well as humans. Both parasites are of medical and veterinary importance. Infections with Cryptosporidium and Giardia in ruminants are associated with diarrhea outbreaks, mainly in young animals. Ruminants are potential sources of infection for humans because some species of Cryptosporidium and assemblages of Giardia duodenalis have been isolated from both ruminants and humans. Knowledge of these parasites has greatly expanded in the last 2 decades from simple microscopic obser...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Monica Santin Source Type: research

Epidemiology and Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Cattle in Southern Climates
Control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) can have both economic and health benefits for cattle operations in the southern United States. In the past several decades, GIN control has relied almost exclusively on the use of anthelmintics. With the increase in anthelmintic resistance new strategies must be developed. Anthelmintic use should be minimized by integrating grazing management and a good herd health program into GIN control programs. This takes knowledge of GIN biology and epidemiology in the region (climate and weather) combined with specific information from the ranch. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North Ameri...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Christine B. Navarre Source Type: research

Sustainable Approaches to Parasite Control in Ruminant Livestock
It is increasingly difficult to manage and control gastrointestinal nematode parasites in pasture-based ruminant livestock operations because of the high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance. Anthelmintics should be combined with alternative forms of control. Sustainable tools include copper oxide wire particles and condensed tannin –rich plants, which target primarily Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants. Nematophagous fungi reduce larvae on pasture and target nematode larvae in feces of most livestock species. In addition, and perhaps most importantly, genetic selection focuses on parasite resistance. Producers sho...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Joan M. Burke, James E. Miller Source Type: research

Epidemiology and Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Cattle in Northern Climates
Parasite species infecting cattle throughout northern North American are generally the same as those found throughout North America. Throughout Canada, cattle are primarily infected with Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, whose larvae survive cold winters within soil of pastures. Overwintering larvae of these species maintain a temporary population of refugia available in spring to grazing cattle. Cattle from northern United States are also infected with Cooperia punctata and Haemonchus placei, whose larvae cannot survive cold winters within pastures. Anthelmintics with persistent activity are used during spring ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Michael B. Hildreth, John B. McKenzie Source Type: research

Biology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Anthelmintic Resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Livestock
This article reviews the biology and prevalence of anthelmintic resistance, and provides recommendations for diagnosing resistance and for strategies that should be implemented to reduce the development of resistance. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Ray M. Kaplan Source Type: research

The Epidemiology and Control of Liver Flukes in Cattle and Sheep
Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, and Fascioloides magna are liver flukes causing disease in cattle and sheep. Damage to the liver due to F hepatica and F gigantica results in clinical disease and/or production losses. F magna seems to have little effect in cattle but causes high mortality in sheep. The fluke life cycle involves an aquatic or amphibious snail intermediate host and thus requires suitable moisture and temperature conditions. F magna requires the presence of deer. Drug treatment is the mainstay of control and needs to be applied considering the life cycle and epidemiology of the parasite. (Source: Veteri...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Alison K. Howell, Diana J.L. Williams Source Type: research

Diagnostic Methods for Detecting Internal Parasites of Livestock
Internal parasites are a major concern in livestock production because they can impact the health and well-being of animals clinically and subclinically, and ultimately cause significant production loss. Among these internal parasites are nematodes, tapeworms, flukes, and coccidian protozoans. This review focuses on the diagnostic tests that are routinely performed by veterinarians and diagnostic laboratories, but also highlights recently developed tools that may improve diagnostic capabilities, including molecular and immunodiagnostic tests. Overall, diagnostic tests for parasites of livestock are an integral part of heal...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Guilherme G. Verocai, Umer N. Chaudhry, Manigandan Lejeune Source Type: research

Ectoparasites of Cattle
Diverse groups of ectoparasitic arthropods cause significant morbidity and mortality in most of the approximately 1.49 billion head of cattle worldwide. Hematophagous ectoparasites (ie, blood-feeding flies, myiasis-causing flies, lice, mites, ticks) are the most important in cattle. Intense use of ectoparasiticides to treat infestations can result in ectoparasite populations becoming resistant to this treatment method. Approaches integrating the use of different technologies are required to manage cattle ectoparasites effectively while addressing societal expectations regarding food safety and environmental health. Assessi...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Adalberto A. P érez de León, Robert D. Mitchell, David W. Watson Source Type: research

Biology, Epidemiology, and Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants
Strongylid gastrointestinal nematodes are an important cause of disease and economic loss in small ruminants. These parasites are important in most of the United States, with the bloodsucking parasite Haemonchus contortus being the predominant species of concern. Sheep and goats are infected while grazing, and the biology of infective larvae on pastures is important in the design of parasite management programs. Widespread resistance to anthelmintics requires strategies designed to preserve remaining drug activity; these include combination treatments with multiple classes of anthelmintics and targeted treatments. (Source:...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Anne M. Zajac, Javier Garza Source Type: research

Ruminant Coccidiosis
Ruminant coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species, is a significant and widespread enteric disease in young livestock worldwide. High morbidities and significant mortalities may be observed. For disease diagnosis, fecal samples from clinically ill animals should be analyzed for both, identity (ie, pathogenicity) of Eimeria species and excreted oocyst amount. To prevent coccidiosis-related economic losses, management measures to reduce infection pressure and improve general animal health are crucial. Anticoccidial drugs are widely used to control clinical and subclinical disease. Treatment is most efficient when applied proph...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Berit Bangoura, Katherine D. Bardsley Source Type: research

Ruminations on Parasite Control
Recommendations and strategies for the control of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites in ruminants have undergone major changes since the last Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice issue on Ruminant Parasitology was published 14 years ago. Key to these changes is the escalation of anthelmintic resistance, which is now a major problem not only in small ruminants but also in cattle. The problem of anthelmintic resistance is further magnified as no new drug classes have been introduced for ruminants in the United States, and no new drug classes have been introduced for cattle anywhere in the world si...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Ray M. Kaplan Tags: Preface Source Type: research