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VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 22, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Jeffrey R. Applegate, Britteny Kyle Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 22, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contributors
ROBERT A. SMITH, DVM, MS (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 22, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contents
Jeffrey R. Applegate Jr and Britteny Kyle (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 22, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Raising Commercial Dairy Calves (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 22, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Defining and Diagnosing Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
This article suggests the term pinkeye should no longer be used, offers a case definition for IBK (a herd disease), and suggests describing ocular signs of IBK using existing clinical descriptors rather than resorting to novel scores. A new term “ocular moraxellosis” is defined as IBK from which Moraxella spp are demonstrated. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Mac Kneipp Source Type: research

Bovine Immune Responses to Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi Following Vaccination and Natural or Experimental Infections
Studies have sought to develop effective vaccines against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Most research has focused on parenterally administered vaccines against Moraxella bovis antigens; however, researchers have also included Moraxella bovoculi antigens in vaccines to prevent IBK. Critical knowledge gaps remain as to which Moraxella spp antigens might be completely protective, and whether systemic, mucosal, or both types of immune responses are required for protection against IBK associated with Moraxella spp. Immune responses to commensal Moraxella spp residing in the upper respiratory tract and eye have n...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: John A. Angelos, Paola Elizalde, Philip Griebel Source Type: research

Applying Concepts of Causal Inference to Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Establishing causation, otherwise known as causal assessment, is a difficult task, made more difficult by the variety of causal assessment frameworks available to consider. In this article, Bradford Hill viewpoints are used to discuss the evidence base for Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi being component causes of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Each of the nine Bradford Hill viewpoints are introduced and explained: strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biologic gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy. Examples of how the viewpoints have been applied for other causal relations ar...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Annette M. O'Connor Source Type: research

Component Causes of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis - The Role of Moraxella Species in the Epidemiology of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) involves multiple factors and opportunistic pathogens, including members of the genus Moraxella, specifically M bovis. The causal role of M bovis is clear, where the presence of virulence factors that facilitate colonization (pili) and host cytotoxicity (RTX toxins) are well characterized, and IBK has been reproduced in many models. Experimental infection with M bovoculi has failed to reproduce IBK-typical lesions in cattle thus far. However, recent work using genomics and mass spectrometry have found genomic diversity and recombination within these species, making species diffe...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: John Dustin Loy, Matthew Hille, Gabriele Maier, Michael L. Clawson Source Type: research

Component Causes of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis —Non-Moraxella Organisms in the Epidemiology of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a multifactorial disease complex caused by opportunistic pathogens, classically those members of the genus Moraxella. However, IBK in some situations is associated with other potentially pathogenic agents, which include Mycoplasma bovoculi, Mycoplasma bovis, Ureaplasma diversum, bovine herpesviruses, and Chlamydia sp. Ocular infections that may resemble IBK are also caused by Listeria monocytogenes. These agents and their association with IBK are reviewed in this article. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: John Dustin Loy, Kristin A. Clothier, Gabriele Maier Source Type: research

The Role of Environmental Factors in the Epidemiology of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) include face flies, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and mechanical irritation from plant awns or dust. Limited research has shown face fly control to be associated with lower incidence of IBK. UV radiation is known to cause corneal irritation and damage in mammalian species. The increased formation of corneal dark cells has been observed following UV radiation in exposed calves. Moraxella bovis preferentially binds to corneal dark cells where it can be found in pits, which may be formed due to bacterial contact. Little is ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Gabriele Maier, Binh Doan, Annette M. O ’Connor Source Type: research

Component Causes of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
The purpose of this article is to discuss the host as a cause of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). The focus is on the host genetics rather than characteristics of the host, such as age, sex, and season of birth. From 4 conducted studies, estimates of IBK heritability are generally less than 0.15, except for some estimates for Herefords and Angus cattle around 0.2 and 1 study reporting a heritability of 0.33. These magnitudes of heritability are typically described as low to moderate. Quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1, 2, 12, 13, 20, and 21 has been associated with IBK resistance. (Source: Veterinary Cli...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Annette M. O'Connor Source Type: research

Evidence Base for Treatment of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
In this article, the evidence base for treating infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is discussed. First, we summarize the available evidence for antibiotic treatments registered in North America. We then discuss the evidence base for nonantibiotic alternatives. We do not discuss antibiotic treatments that do not use registered protocols; such information is available in another review. Finally, we discuss how the research community could generate more evidence for effective treatments and the comparative efficacy information to help veterinarians and producers decide between treatment options. (Source: Veterinary ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Annette M. O'Connor, Mac Kneipp Source Type: research

The Evidence Base for Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis Through Vaccination
Pili and cytotoxins are important virulence factors and antigens for Moraxella spp. Local and systemic immunity may play a role in the body ’s response to infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). No evidence exists that eliminating the carrier state for IBK is possible or beneficial. Evidence for efficacious transfer of passive immunity from dams to calves is conflicting. Autogenous vaccines and commercial vaccines for putative p athogens for IBK have not yet shown efficacy in blinded randomized field trials. Study design features, such as randomization, blinding, diagnostic criteria, and use of a placebo, reduce th...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Gabriele Maier, Annette M. O ’Connor, David Sheedy Source Type: research

A Review of Global Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
A summary of available literature on the prevalence and estimated economic impacts of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) from around the world is made. Country-level prevalence of IBK has been reported only for the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. We provide an estimate of IBK prevalence rate by geographic climate and region accounting for cattle sub-species and age. Estimated prevalence worldwide is 2.78%. Historical economic impact assessments are available only for the United States, Australia, and United Kingdom. Rarely do assessments capture the full economic cost of the disease. Better data on pre...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Elliott J. Dennis, Mac Kneipp Source Type: research