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Use of Hysteroscopy for Diagnosing Causes of Infertility in Camelids
Hysteroscopy in alpacas and llamas allows for the identification of abnormalities on the surface or within the endometrium that cannot be identified with other methods. Hysteroscopy also allows for site-directed endometrial cytology, culture, and biopsy to achieve a definitive diagnosis. Even when no cause for infertility can be found, previously infertile females tend to become pregnant and maintain their pregnancies to term following the hysteroscopic procedure. This therapeutic effect may be a response to pre-hysteroscopy estrogen treatment, dilation of the uterine horns during hysteroscopy, and/or posttreatment uterine...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Michelle Anne Kutzler, Michelle Ing Source Type: research

Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids
Small ruminants are increasing in popularity as production and companion animals in the United States, and among sheep, goats, and camelids there are many disease processes and management techniques that have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. In these species, many medications and therapeutic techniques can be used to reduce or eliminate the long-term consequences of pain. In this second portion of the review, we focus on the application of pain management in these species. These strategies include mono- and multimodal and the use of precision pain management, such as epidural drug administration, regi...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Joe S. Smith, Jennifer Schleining, Paul Plummer Source Type: research

Small Ruminant Practice
This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice is dedicated to small ruminant practice. Small ruminant practice remains a field rich in discovery through veterinary and biomedical research as well as through clinical practice. It has been over 15 years since the last issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice focused on this subject area. Since then, there has been remarkable progress on the understanding of many physiologic and pathologic processes, leading to new and alternative therapies for many conditions. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Michelle Anne Kutzler, Cindy Wolf Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Small Ruminants
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Michelle Anne Kutzler, Cindy Wolf Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contributors
ROBERT A. SMITH, DVM, MS (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contents
Michelle Anne Kutzler, Cindy Wolf (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Ruminant Ophthalmology (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Imaging of the Urinary and Reproductive Tract in Small Ruminants
Ultrasound imaging is the mainstay of urinary and reproductive imaging in small ruminants, assisted by the relatively superficial location of the urinary and reproductive tracts in these species. Radiography can provide an excellent overview of the abdomen, but is often limited by a lack of adequate penetration. Computed tomography scans provide summation-free imaging of the urinary and reproductive tracts in addition to information about the excretion of contrast agent by the kidneys, but can be limited by availability and cost. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - December 22, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Susanne M. Stieger-Vanegas, Erica McKenzie Source Type: research

Management of Urologic Conditions in Small Ruminants
Small ruminants frequently experience urologic conditions, such as obstructive urolithiasis, posthitis, vulvitis, and urinary tract infections. Urologic conditions are more common in male small ruminants, especially castrated males, primarily due to their anatomy. Traditionally, urologic conditions warranted culling from the herd without significant efforts in treatment. However, more goats and sheep are now being kept as pets. Small ruminant owners have strong emotional attachments to their animals and are more likely to seek treatment of medical disorders, including urologic conditions. Surgical or medical treatments are...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - December 22, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Clare M. Scully Source Type: research

Management of Reproductive Diseases in Male Small Ruminants
Reproductive tract diseases can be a significant cause of subfertility or infertility in male small ruminants. Affected males can usually be identified early by performing routine serologic screening and yearly breeding soundness examinations. Early diagnosis will either maximize treatment success or expedite culling decisions. Once clinical signs of diseases develop, prognosis for breeding ability declines. Veterinary practitioners should used ancillary diagnostic techniques, such as ultrasound examination and laboratory testing to acquire a diagnosis and determine prognosis of reproductive lesions. Some diseases (eg, bru...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - December 22, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Jamie L. Stewart, Clifford F. Shipley Source Type: research

Reindeer Veterinary Care for Small Ruminant Practitioners
This article discusses the restraint, anesthesia, reproductive management, common diseases, and problems that a veterinarian may encounter when providing care for Rangifer species. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - December 22, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: N. Isaac Bott Source Type: research

Resuscitation Compression for Newborn Sheep
Neonatal maladjustment syndrome is characterized by depressed consciousness, neurologic signs, and reduced or nonexistent suckle reflex. Resuscitation compression (squeezing) has been used in newborn foals and calves to reduce the behavioral symptoms of neonatal maladjustment syndrome. In this review, the authors describe how resuscitation compression can be used in newborn sheep. This technique can improve abnormal neonatal lamb behavior and encourage suckling in resistant lambs. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - December 21, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Tasman Flora, Mary Smallman, Michelle Kutzler Source Type: research

Identifying Plant Poisoning in Livestock in North America
This article provides a framework to help livestock producers, veterinarians, and diagnosticians reach the most accurate and definitive diagnosis. For this discussion poisoning caused by plants containing dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids is used to provide examples and suggestions for investigating and sampling. It is also used to show how to recruit expert collaborators, diagnostic resources, and information sources to amass required expertise, information, and laboratory results to produce the best diagnosis. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 6, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Bryan L. Stegelmeier, T. Zane Davis, Michael J. Clayton, Dale R. Gardner Source Type: research

Neurotoxic Plants that Poison Livestock
The objectives of this article are to present common North American neurotoxic plants, including conditions of poisoning, clinical disease, pathologic changes, and available diagnostics, to identify poisoned animals and the potential prognosis for poisoned animals. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 6, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Bryan L. Stegelmeier, T. Zane Davis, Michael J. Clayton Source Type: research