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Ruminant Parasitology
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Ray M. Kaplan Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contributors
ROBERT A. SMITH, DVM, MS (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contents
Ray M. Kaplan (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Toxicology (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 4, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Herd Immunity
Herd immunity is an important concept of epidemic theory regarding the population-level effect of individual immunity to prevent transmission of pathogens. Herd immunity exists when sufficient numbers of animals in a group or population have immunity against an agent such that the likelihood of an effective contact between diseased and susceptible individuals is reduced. Understanding herd immunity requires consideration of infection dynamics, modes of transmission, as well as the acquisition of immunity by individuals in the population. Loss of herd immunity may also explain age-associated epidemics of disease related to ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: David R. Smith Source Type: research

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Immune Response and Resistance to Infectious Diseases in Domestic Ruminants
Infectious diseases are the outcome of complex interactions between the host, pathogen, and environment. After exposure to a pathogen, the host immune system uses various mechanisms to remove the pathogen. However, environmental factors and characteristics of pathogens can compromise the host immune responses and subsequently alter the outcome of infection. In this article, genetic and epigenetic factors that shape the individual variation in mounting protective responses are reviewed. Different approaches that have been used by researchers to investigate the genetic regulation of immunity in ruminants and various sources ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Mehdi Emam, Alexandra Livernois, Marlene Paibomesai, Heba Atalla, Bonnie Mallard Source Type: research

Vaccination Management of Beef Cattle
Vaccination is a critical component of cattle health management. Effective cattle vaccine programs should consider the timing of vaccination in relation to expected disease challenge, risk for wild-type exposure of various bovine pathogens, and host factors during vaccination. Nearly all consulting veterinarians recommend vaccination of stressed, high-risk calves on feedlot arrival. However, this recommendation fails to consider several factors associated with vaccine efficiency. Further research evaluating vaccine interactions in stressed cattle and potential additive effects of endotoxin from multiple bacterin administra...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: John T. Richeson, Heather D. Hughes, Paul R. Broadway, Jeffery A. Carroll Source Type: research

Vaccinating Calves in the Face of Maternal Antibodies
This article aims to briefly review the challenges and opportunities for vaccinating calves IFOMA. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: M. Claire Windeyer, Lisa Gamsj äger Source Type: research

Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves
This article reviews the process of colostrogenesis and colostrum composition, and discusses key components in developing a successful colostrum management program. In addition, the article discusses approaches for monitoring and proposes new goals for passive immunity in dairy herds. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Sandra M. Godden, Jason E. Lombard, Amelia R. Woolums Source Type: research

Gamma Delta T Cell Function in Ruminants
Gamma delta ( γδ) T cells constitute a major lymphocyte population in peripheral blood and epithelial surfaces. They play nonredundant roles in host defense against diverse pathogens. Although γδ T cells share functional features with other cells of the immune system, their distinct methods of antigen recog nition, rapid response, and tissue tropism make them a unique effector population. This review considers the current state of our knowledge on γδ T cell biology in ruminants and the important roles played by this nonconventional T cell population in protection against several infectious diseases of veterinary ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Mariana Guerra-Maupome, Jamison R. Slate, Jodi L. McGill Source Type: research

The Cattle Microbiota and the Immune System
This article presents the current knowledge regarding the interaction between bacteria and the immune system of the gut, the uterus, and the mammary gland of cattle. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Diego E. Gomez, Klibs N. Galv ão, Juan C. Rodriguez-Lecompte, Marcio C. Costa Source Type: research

Mycoplasma bovis
Host responses are often ineffective at clearing Mycoplasma bovis infection and may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. M bovis possesses a surprisingly large repertoire of strategies to evade and modulate host responses. Unopsonized M bovis impairs phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils and macrophages. Apoptosis of neutrophils and lymphocytes is enhanced, whereas it is delayed in macrophages. Both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines are stimulated during M bovis infection depending on the cell type and location, and overall systemic responses tend to have a T-helper 2 bias. M bovis reduces proliferatio...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Fiona P. Maunsell, Christopher Chase Source Type: research

Nutraceuticals
Livestock industries strive to improve the health of their animals and, in the future, they are going to be required to do this with a continued reduction in antimicrobial use. Nutraceuticals represent a group of compounds that may help fill that void because they exert some health benefits when supplemented to livestock. This review is focused on the mechanisms of action, specifically related to the immune responses and health of ruminants. The nutraceutical classes discussed include probiotics, prebiotics, phytonutrients (essential oils and spices), and polyunsaturated fatty acids. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North Am...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Michael A. Ballou, Emily M. Davis, Benjamin A. Kasl Source Type: research

Adjuvants
Vaccination is a critical tool in modern animal production and key to maintaining animal health. Adjuvants affect the immune response by increasing the rate, quantity, or quality of the protective response generated by the target antigens. Although adjuvant technology dates back to the nineteenth century, there was relatively little improvement in adjuvant technology before the late twentieth century. With the discovery of molecular pathways that regulate the timing, quantity, and quality of the immune response, new technologies are focused on bringing safer, more effective, and inexpensive adjuvants to commercial use. (So...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 5, 2019 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Alan J. Young Source Type: research