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Current and Emerging Diagnostic Approaches to Bacterial Diseases of Ruminants
The diagnostic approaches and methods to detect bacterial pathogens in ruminants are discussed, with a focus on cattle. Conventional diagnostic methods using culture, isolation, and characterization are being replaced or supplemented with new methods. These include molecular diagnostics such as real-time polymerase chain reaction and whole-genome sequencing. In addition, methods such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization –time-of-flight mass spectrometry enable rapid identification and enhanced pathogen characterization. These emerging diagnostic tools can greatly enhance the ability to detect and characterize p...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: John Dustin Loy, Michael L. Clawson, Pamela R.F. Adkins, John R. Middleton Source Type: research

Serology in Bovine Infectious Disease Diagnosis
Serologic diagnosis is used to identify evidence of infection or vaccination by specific agents, or for population surveillance. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the serum (virus) neutralizing tests are most used for bovine serologic diagnosis. Although infectious agent-specific antibodies may include immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin A, the antibody class is rarely specifically identified in diagnostic laboratory testing. When interpreting the results of serology, consider whether the antibodies are due to an agent that causes life-long infection, transient infection with no history of vaccin...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Amelia R. Woolums Source Type: research

Future Directions for Ruminant Diagnostics
This article provides a summary of advancements in diagnostic medicine and interpretation, as well as identifies gaps in knowledge that can be targeted to continue to build on best practices and application of diagnostic tools to improve ruminant health. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: John Dustin Loy, Jessie D. Monday, David R. Smith Source Type: research

Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry
This article is intended to offer some guidance with respect to the effective use of veterinary toxicology/analytical chemistry laboratories when navigating suspect toxicology cases in ruminants. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Christina Wilson-Frank Source Type: research

Ruminant Diagnostics: Emerging and Classical Approaches to Individuals and Populations
Making a diagnosis is principal to medicine and precedes all other medical acts. Diagnostic testing is a critically important tool to help veterinarians diagnose disease or other medical conditions in clinical and population medicine. Livestock producers and veterinarians depend on accurate diagnostic information to explain clinical signs, rule at-risk diseases in or out, inform treatment and prevention strategies, provide a prognosis, and ultimately improve animal health and well-being. New methods and techniques, such as PCR, sequencing, and mass spectrometry, have revolutionized the amount and types of information that ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: John Dustin Loy, Jessie D. Monday, David R. Smith Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Ruminant Diagnostics and Interpretation
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: John Dustin Loy, Jessie D. Monday, David R. Smith Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contributors
ROBERT A. SMITH, DVM, MS (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contents
John Dustin Loy, Jessie D. Monday, and David R. Smith (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Ruminant Metabolic Diseases (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Antimicrobial and Biological Methods to Control Liver Abscesses
Antimicrobial products are approved for the control of liver abscesses with varying amounts of data. When compared to negative controls, tylosin has the most data to support a reduction in total (risk ratio 0.34) and severe A+ (risk ratio 0.31) liver abscesses. Due to the reduction in the use of antimicrobials, vaccination to control liver abscess prevalence is intriguing. However, available vaccines do not appear to be effective in controlling the prevalence of liver abscesses, especially when the disease prevalence is high. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 13, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Miles E. Theurer, Raghavendra G. Amachawadi Source Type: research

Non-Antimicrobial Methods to Control Liver Abscesses
Beef feedlots have few non-microbial approaches available to decrease the incidence of liver abscesses. Decreasing the degree of grain processing might be useful, but methods that decrease dietary starch (eg, feeding digestible fiber sources such as distillers grains) have limited effects. Managing feed intake to decrease daily variation has little effect on abscesses, as do feed additives such as essential oils and tannins. Live yeast and yeast fermentation products provide some benefits, but further research is needed. Lack of reproducible in  vitro and in vivo models for rapid screening of potential non-antimicrobial ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 13, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Michael Galyean, Kristin Hales Source Type: research

Toxicologic Insults to the Bovine Liver
The liver is subject to toxic insult due to its role in the metabolism of exogenous substances and the direct filtration of blood from the portal circulation, which carries absorbed toxins from the gastrointestinal system. Metabolism of xenobiotics in the liver is facilitated by high concentrations of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which catalyze biotransformation of foreign substances; conjugation of toxin metabolites increases their solubility and enhances excretion. An understanding of the common hepatotoxins and the circumstances that lead to their exposure in cattle will aid the clinician in recognizing clinical syndromes a...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 13, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Benjamin W. Newcomer Source Type: research

Liver Disorders Associated with Metabolic Imbalances in Dairy Cows
This article discusses the complex interrelationships that originated from metabolic stress, triggering unbalances that result in suboptimal liver health. The severe changes occurring around parturition require drastic incrementation in lipolytic activity, leading to significant adipose tissue remodeling. This increased activity ultimately exceeds the liver ’s normal function. The inability of the liver to perform proper metabolic regulation, together with concurrent inflammatory states, altered immune status, and physiologic imbalances, results in greater risk for disease, lower milk production and fertility, and compro...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 13, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Pablo Pinedo, Pedro Melendez Source Type: research

Pathogenesis of Liver Abscesses in Cattle
Liver abscesses are a bacterial infection, which occurs because of entry, via portal vein, of pyogenic bacteria into the hepatic parenchyma. Liver abscesses are a polymicrobial infection; however, Fusobacterium necrophorum, a ruminal bacterium, is the primary etiologic agent. Ruminal acidosis disrupts the protective barrier function of the ruminal epithelium and facilitates entry and colonization of F. necrophorum in the ruminal wall and subsequent entry into the portal circulation. Virulence factors of F. necrophorum contribute to the evasion of host defense mechanisms and cause tissue damage to set up an infection in the...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - October 13, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Raghavendra G. Amachawadi, T.G. Nagaraja Source Type: research