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Future Directions for Research in Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
In this article, the authors summarize the future needs from a research perspective to make the greatest gains. They discuss the areas of research: diagnosis, epidemiology, economic impact, prevention, and treatment. In some areas, simple studies with little cost could be conducted that would quickly add to the evidence base. In other areas, substantial investment is needed if new study approaches, which do not repeat past studies' failures, are to be conducted. To maximize the value of research funding, it is essential to critically evaluate the information gains from prior studies and ensure that studies increase knowled...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Annette M. O'Connor, John A. Angelos, Elliott J. Dennis, Paola Elizalde, Mac Kneipp, John Dustin Loy, Gabriele Maier Source Type: research

Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
In this issue of the Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, we focus on infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). I want to begin by thanking all the authors who contributed to this particular issue. When they agreed to write for this special issue, they did not know about the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic and its impact on their workload. While trying to provide service to clients and maintain research laboratories, and the ever-changing expectations for teaching during 2020 and 2021, they were gracious and patient as we put this special issue together. (Source: Veterinar...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Annette M. O ’Connor Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Ruminant Ophthalmology
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Annette M. O ’Connor Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contributors
ROBERT A. SMITH, DVM, MS (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contents
Annette M. O ’Connor (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Honey Bee Veterinary Medicine (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - May 26, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Abdominal Imaging in Small Ruminants: Liver, Spleen, Gastrointestinal Tract, and Lymph Nodes
Ultrasonography and radiography are the most frequently used imaging techniques to evaluate abdominal pathology in domestic animals. Ultrasonography can often achieve a diagnosis in small ruminants, with ease of use and virtually no contraindications. Radiography also provides a relatively comprehensive overview, but reduced penetration of the abdomen in larger animals and summation of abdominal organs can limit its diagnostic value. Computed tomography is a newer imaging modality that provides summation-free imaging but can have limited availability and financial restrictions. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America:...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Susanne M. Stieger-Vanegas, Erica McKenzie Source Type: research

Hematologic Conditions of Small Ruminants
Anemia is a clinically important syndrome in small ruminants. Anemia can be divided into regenerative and nonregenerative forms. Differentials for regenerative anemia include hemorrhage owing to gastrointestinal or external parasitism or hemostatic disorders, and hemolysis owing to infectious, osmotic, toxic, and nutritional causes. Differentials for nonregenerative anemia include inflammatory and chronic diseases, renal failure, pancytopenia, copper deficiency, and heavy metal toxicosis. Iron deficiency anemia can be caused by chronic gastrointestinal and external hemorrhage or nutritional deficiency and may be mildly reg...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Jennifer Johns, Meera Heller Source Type: research

Estrus Synchronization in the Sheep and Goat
Estrus synchronization and manipulation are a tool that has been used by producers to provide uniform lamb and kid meat production and dairy sheep and goat milk production, to concentrate work and labor cost, and to plan for the lambing and kidding time. Breeders can also use estrus synchronization to stimulate ewes and does to exhibit estrus and ovulate outside of the breeding season, although both the ovulation rate and pregnancy rate may be decreased. To increase the ovulation rate outside of the breeding season, a variety of estrus synchronization methods have been used. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Hayder Mohammed Hassan Habeeb, Michelle Anne Kutzler Source Type: research

Evaluating the Welfare of Small Ruminants
This article discusses key welfare issues for small ruminants and gives practical management advice. Welfare assessment is vital to ensure that optimal conditions are provided. Practitioners can play a key role in identifying areas of potential welfare compromise and implement interventions. With the knowledge and careful identification of indicators of welfare, practitioners and producers can develop a management plan that can ensure proper nutrition, environment, and health to allow for natural behaviors and a positive affective state; identification of animal health and management issues; and (3) allocation of adequate ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Paul J. Plummer, Melissa N. Hempstead, Jan K. Shearer, Taylor M. Lindquist Source Type: research

Secure Sheep and Wool Supply Plan for Continuity of Business
Sheep operations will be subject to movement controls during a US foot and mouth disease outbreak and should be prepared to manage animal and product movement disruptions. The voluntary Secure Sheep and Wool Supply (SSWS) Plan for Continuity of Business provides tools for the sheep industry to develop contingency plans, write enhanced, operation-specific biosecurity plans, and learn about disease surveillance opportunities and challenges. The SSWS Plan is science-based and risk-based, funded by the American Sheep Industry Association, and developed collaboratively with industry, government officials, and veterinarians at I...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Danelle A. Bickett-Weddle, Ren ée D. Dewell, Charles E. McIntosh Source Type: research

Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids
Small ruminants are increasing in popularity as both production and companion animals in the United States. Among sheep, goats, and camelids, there are many disease processes and management techniques that have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. In these species, many medications and therapeutic techniques can be used to reduce or eliminate the long-term consequences of pain. This review focuses on the commonly used medications available for pain management of small ruminants and discusses the benefits and negative aspects of their use. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Joe S. Smith, Jennifer Schleining, Paul Plummer Source Type: research

Udder Health for Dairy Goats
Staphylococcus aureus is the most important cause of clinical mastitis in goats, and non-aureus staphylococci is the most common isolate from subclinical mastitis. Environmental streptococci are a severe problem. Somatic cell counts and California mastitis test are a screening test for mastitis and an indicator of poor udder health, but values should be interpreted differently than with dairy cattle. Somatic cell scores likely are a more useful way of viewing data. High bacterial counts in milk are common; mastitis may be involved as a cause. Proper udder preparation, milking procedure, and postmilking management are key f...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Paula Menzies Source Type: research

Update on Small Ruminant Lentiviruses
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SLRVs) have been recognized throughout the world for decades. SLRVs are a heterogenous group of viruses that can infect sheep, goats, and wild ruminants. Evidence supports cross-species infection. These viruses cause lifelong infections where they target specific organs, which can result in production losses due to diminished milk production, consequential increases in neonatal death and diminished growth, and premature culling of prime age animals. No vaccine or treatments have proved effective. Control programs rely on an understanding of viral transmission and application of highly sensitive...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice - February 2, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Cindy Wolf Source Type: research