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A systematic review of resting-state functional connectivity in obesity: Refining current neurobiological frameworks and methodological considerations moving forward
AbstractObesity is the second most common cause of preventable morbidity worldwide. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used extensively to characterise altered communication between brain regions in individuals with obesity, though findings from this research have not yet been systematically evaluated within the context of prominent neurobiological frameworks. This systematic review aggregated resting-state fMRI findings in individuals with obesity and evaluated the contribution of these findings to current neurobiological models. Findings were considered in relation to a triadic model of p...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - August 1, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Appetitive interoception, the hippocampus and western-style diet
AbstractObesity, Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders continue to pose serious challenges to human health and well-being. An important source of these challenges is the overconsumption of saturated fats and sugar, main staples of what has been called the Western-style diet (WD). The current paper describes a theoretical model and supporting evidence that links intake of a WD to interference with a specific brain substrate that underlies processing of interoceptive signals of hunger and satiety. We review findings from rats and humans that the capacity of these signals to modulate the strength of appetitive and eat...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - August 1, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Food cue reactivity: Neurobiological and behavioral underpinnings
AbstractThe modern obesogenic environment contains an abundance of food cues (e.g., sight, smell of food) as well cues that are associated with food through learning and memory processes. Food cue exposure can lead to food seeking and excessive consumption in otherwise food-sated individuals, and a high level of food cue responsivity is a risk factor for overweight and obesity. Similar food cue responses are observed in experimental rodent models, and these models are therefore useful for mechanistically identifying the neural circuits mediating food cue responsivity. This review draws from both experimental rodent models ...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - August 1, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Neurobiological regulation of eating behavior: Evidence based on non-invasive brain stimulation
AbstractThe prefrontal cortex is appreciated as a key neurobiological player in human eating behavior. A special focus is herein dedicated to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which is critically involved in executive function such as cognitive control over eating. Persons with obesity display hypoactivity in this brain area, which is linked to overconsumption and food craving. Contrary to that, higher activity in the DLPFC is associated with successful weight-loss and weight-maintenance. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive  neurostimulation tool used to enhance self-control and inh...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - August 1, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Mechanisms linking obesity and its metabolic comorbidities with cerebral grey and white matter changes
AbstractObesity is a preventable risk factor for cerebrovascular disorders and it is associated with cerebral grey and white matter changes. Specifically, individuals with obesity show diminished grey matter volume and thickness, which seems to be more prominent among fronto-temporal regions in the brain. At the same time, obesity is associated with lower microstructural white matter integrity, and it has been found to precede increases in white matter hyperintensity load. To date, however, it is unclear whether these findings can be attributed solely to obesity or whether they are a consequence of cardiometabolic complica...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - August 1, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Computational approaches to predicting treatment response to obesity using neuroimaging
AbstractObesity is a worldwide disease associated with multiple severe adverse consequences and comorbid conditions. While an increased body weight is the defining feature in obesity, etiologies, clinical phenotypes and treatment responses vary between patients. These variations can be observed within individual treatment options which comprise lifestyle interventions, pharmacological treatment, and bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery can be regarded as the most effective treatment method. However, long-term weight regain is comparably frequent even for this treatment and its application is not without risk. A prognostic ...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - August 1, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Dissecting ultra-processed foods and drinks: Do they have a potential to impact the brain?
AbstractUltra-processed foods and drinks (UPF) are formulation of ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, that result from a series of industrial processes. They usually have a low nutrient but high energy density, with a high content of saturated and trans fats, and added sugars. In addition, they have characteristic organoleptic properties, and usually contain sophisticated additives, including artificial sweeteners, to intensify their sensory qualities and imitate the appearance of minimally processed foods. In addition, recent research has warned about the presence of chemicals (e.g., bisphenol) and neo-formed...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - August 1, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Foreword to the special issue on the neuroscience of obesity and related disorders
(Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders)
Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - August 1, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Bone health in ageing men
AbstractOsteoporosis does not only affect postmenopausal women, but also ageing men. The burden of disease is projected to increase with higher life expectancy both in females and males. Importantly, osteoporotic men remain more often undiagnosed and untreated compared to women. Sex steroid deficiency is associated with bone loss and increased fracture risk, and circulating sex steroid levels have been shown to be associated both with bone mineral density and fracture risk in elderly men. However, in contrast to postmenopausal osteoporosis, the contribution of relatively small decrease of circulating sex steroid concentrat...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - July 16, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

A new era for oral peptides: SNAC and the development of oral semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
AbstractGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)  receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) were first introduced for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in 2005. Despite the high efficacy and other benefits of GLP-1RAs, their uptake was initially limited by the fact that they could only be administered by injection. Semaglutide is a human GLP-1 analog tha t has been shown to significantly improve glycemic control and reduce body weight, in addition to improving cardiovascular outcomes, in patients with T2D. First approved as a once-weekly subcutaneous injection, semaglutide was considered an ideal peptide candidate for oral delivery with a...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - July 15, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and testosterone in ageing men
AbstractIn the absence of obesity, adverse lifestyle behaviours, and use of medication such as opioids serum testosterone concentrations decrease by only a minimal amount at least until very advanced age in most men. Obesity is heterogeneous in its phenotype, and it is the accumulation of excess adipose tissue viscerally associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, inflammation, hypothalamic leptin resistance and gliosis that underpins thefunctional hypogonadism of obesity. Both central (hypothalamic) and peripheral mechanisms are involved resulting in a low serum total testosterone concentration, while LH and FSH ar...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - July 14, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Adrenal insufficiency in pregnancy: Physiology, diagnosis, management and areas for future research
AbstractAdrenal insufficiency requires prompt diagnosis in pregnancy, as untreated, it can lead to serious consequences such as adrenal crisis, intrauterine growth restriction and even foetal demise. Similarities between symptoms of adrenal insufficiency and those of normal pregnancy can complicate diagnosis. Previously diagnosed adrenal insufficiency needs monitoring and, often, adjustment of adrenal hormone replacement. Many physiological changes occur to the hypothalamic –pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis during pregnancy, often making diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency challenging. Pregnancy is a state of...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - July 11, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research