Exosome-Mediated Impact on Systemic Metabolism
Annu Rev Physiol. 2024 Feb 12;86:225-253. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042222-024535.ABSTRACTExosomes are small extracellular vesicles that carry lipids, proteins, and microRNAs (miRNAs). They are released by all cell types and can be found not only in circulation but in many biological fluids. Exosomes are essential for interorgan communication because they can transfer their contents from donor to recipient cells, modulating cellular functions. The miRNA content of exosomes is responsible for most of their biological effects, and changes in exosomal miRNA levels can contribute to the progression or regression of metaboli...
Source: Physiological Reviews - February 12, 2024 Category: Physiology Authors: Karina Cunha E Rocha Wei Ying Jerrold M Olefsky Source Type: research
Transcellular Barriers to Glucose Delivery in the Body
We present the most up-to-date knowledge on glucose handling by the gut, liver, brain endothelium, and kidney, and discuss underlying molecular mechanisms and open questions. Diseases associated with defects in glucose delivery and homeostasis are also briefly addressed. We propose that the universal problem of sparing glucose from catabolism in favor of translocation across the barriers posed by epithelia and endothelia is resolved through common mechanisms involving glucose transfer to the endoplasmic reticulum, from where glucose exits the cells via unconventional cellular mechanisms.PMID:38345907 | DOI:10.1146/annurev-...
Source: Physiological Reviews - February 12, 2024 Category: Physiology Authors: Amira Klip Katrien De Bock Philip J Bilan Erik A Richter Source Type: research
A Razor's Edge: Vascular Responses to Acute Inflammatory Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Annu Rev Physiol. 2024 Feb 12;86:505-529. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042222-030731.ABSTRACTHistorically considered a metabolically inert cellular layer separating the blood from the underlying tissue, the endothelium is now recognized as a highly dynamic, metabolically active tissue that is critical to organ homeostasis. Under homeostatic conditions, lung endothelial cells (ECs) in healthy subjects are quiescent, promoting vasodilation, platelet disaggregation, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In contrast, lung ECs are essential contributors to the pathobiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), as the quies...
Source: Physiological Reviews - February 12, 2024 Category: Physiology Authors: David R Price Joe G N Garcia Source Type: research
The hormonal control of parturition
Physiol Rev. 2024 Feb 8. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2023. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTParturition is a complex physiological process that must occur in a reliable manner and at an appropriate gestation stage to ensure a healthy newborn and mother. To this end, hormones that affect the function of the gravid uterus, especially progesterone (P4) and 17ß-estradiol (E2), oxytocin (OT) and prostaglandins (PGs) play pivotal roles. P4 via the nuclear P4 receptor (PR) promotes uterine quiescence and for most of pregnancy exerts a dominant block to labor. Loss of the P4 block to parturition in association with a gain in pro-labo...
Source: Physiological Reviews - February 8, 2024 Category: Physiology Authors: Emily Hamburg-Shields Sam Mesiano Source Type: research
Navigating the Multifaceted Intricacies of the Na < sup > + < /sup > -Cl < sup > - < /sup > cotransporter, a Highly Regulated and Key Effector in the Control of Hydromineral Homeostasis
Physiol Rev. 2024 Feb 8. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2023. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC; SLC12A3) is a highly regulated integral membrane protein that is known to exist as 3 splice variants in primates. Its primary role in the kidney is to mediate the cosymport of Na+ and Cl- across the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Through this role and the involvement of other ion transport systems, NCC allows the systemic circulation to reclaim a fraction of the ultrafiltered Na+, K+, Cl- and Mg+ loads in exchange for Ca2+ and HCO3-. The physiological relevance of the Na+-Cl- cotransport...
Source: Physiological Reviews - February 8, 2024 Category: Physiology Authors: Alexis V Rioux Thy-Rene Nsimba-Batomene Samira Slimani Nicolas Ad Bergeron Mathieu Am Gravel Simon V Schreiber Marie-Jeanne Fiola Ludwig Haydock Alexandre P Garneau Paul Isenring Source Type: research
Proteomics of the Heart
Physiol Rev. 2024 Feb 1. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2023. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTMass spectrometry-based proteomics is a sophisticated identification tool specializing in portraying protein dynamics at a molecular level. Proteomics provides biologists with a snapshot of context-dependent protein expression, isoform conformations, dynamic turnover information, and data on direct protein-protein interactions. Cardiac proteomics offers researchers and clinicians a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underscore cardiovascular disease, and is foundational to the development of future therapeutic interve...
Source: Physiological Reviews - February 1, 2024 Category: Physiology Authors: Oleg A Karpov Aleksandr Stotland Koen Raedschelders Blandine Chazarin Lizhuo Ai Christopher I Murray Jennifer E Van Eyk Source Type: research
Hepatic Glucagon Action - Beyond Glucose Mobilization
Physiol Rev. 2024 Feb 1. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2023. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTGlucagon's ability to promote hepatic glucose production has been known for over a century with initial observations touting this hormone as a diabetogenic agent. However, glucagon receptor agonism (when balanced with an incretin, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) to dampen glucose excursions) is now being developed as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of metabolic diseases, like metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASLD/MASH), and may also have benef...
Source: Physiological Reviews - February 1, 2024 Category: Physiology Authors: Sarina Kajani Rhianna C Laker Sarah Will Ekaterina Ratkova Christopher J Rhodes Source Type: research
Ceramides are Fuel Gauges on the Drive to Cardiometabolic Disease
Physiol Rev. 2024 Feb 1. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2023. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTCeramides are signals of fatty acid excess that accumulate when a cell's energetic needs have been met and its nutrient storage has reached capacity. As these sphingolipids accrue, they alter the metabolism and survival of cells throughout the body including in the heart, liver, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, brain, and kidney. These ceramide actions elicit the tissue dysfunction that underlies cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes, coronary artery disease, metabolic-associated steatohepatitis, and heart failure. Here, we review th...
Source: Physiological Reviews - February 1, 2024 Category: Physiology Authors: Joseph L Wilkerson Sean M Tatum William L Holland Scott A Summers Source Type: research
Timing and cause of olfactory deciliation in COVID-19
Physiol Rev. 2024 Apr 1;104(2):589-590. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2023.NO ABSTRACTPMID:38206010 | DOI:10.1152/physrev.00035.2023 (Source: Physiological Reviews)
Source: Physiological Reviews - January 11, 2024 Category: Physiology Authors: Rafal Butowt Christopher S von Bartheld Source Type: research
The anterior chamber of the eye technology and its anatomical, optical and immunological bases
Physiol Rev. 2024 Jan 11. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2023. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) is distinct in its anatomy, optics and immunology. This guarantees that the eye perceives visual information in the context of physiology even when encountering adverse incidents like inflammation. In addition, this endows the ACE with the special nursery bed iris enriched in vasculatures and nerves. The ACE constitutes a confined space enclosing an oxygen/nutrient-rich, immune-privileged and less stressful milieu as well as an optically transparent media. Therefore, aside from visual perception, t...
Source: Physiological Reviews - January 11, 2024 Category: Physiology Authors: Per-Olof Berggren Shao-Nian Yang Yue Shi Source Type: research
Computational modeling of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis
Physiol Rev. 2023 Dec 28. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2023. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe complexity of cardiac electrophysiology, involving dynamic changes in numerous components across multiple spatial (from ion channel to organ) and temporal (from milliseconds to days) scales makes an intuitive or empirical analysis of cardiac arrhythmogenesis challenging. Multiscale mechanistic computational models of cardiac electrophysiology provide precise control over individual parameters, and their reproducibility enables a thorough assessment of arrhythmia mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of models of...
Source: Physiological Reviews - December 28, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Natalia A Trayanova Aurore Lyon Julie Shade Jordi Heijman Source Type: research
Computational modeling of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis
Physiol Rev. 2023 Dec 28. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2023. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe complexity of cardiac electrophysiology, involving dynamic changes in numerous components across multiple spatial (from ion channel to organ) and temporal (from milliseconds to days) scales makes an intuitive or empirical analysis of cardiac arrhythmogenesis challenging. Multiscale mechanistic computational models of cardiac electrophysiology provide precise control over individual parameters, and their reproducibility enables a thorough assessment of arrhythmia mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of models of...
Source: Physiological Reviews - December 28, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Natalia A Trayanova Aurore Lyon Julie Shade Jordi Heijman Source Type: research
Computational modeling of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis
Physiol Rev. 2023 Dec 28. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2023. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe complexity of cardiac electrophysiology, involving dynamic changes in numerous components across multiple spatial (from ion channel to organ) and temporal (from milliseconds to days) scales makes an intuitive or empirical analysis of cardiac arrhythmogenesis challenging. Multiscale mechanistic computational models of cardiac electrophysiology provide precise control over individual parameters, and their reproducibility enables a thorough assessment of arrhythmia mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of models of...
Source: Physiological Reviews - December 28, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Natalia A Trayanova Aurore Lyon Julie Shade Jordi Heijman Source Type: research
Computational modeling of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis
Physiol Rev. 2023 Dec 28. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2023. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe complexity of cardiac electrophysiology, involving dynamic changes in numerous components across multiple spatial (from ion channel to organ) and temporal (from milliseconds to days) scales makes an intuitive or empirical analysis of cardiac arrhythmogenesis challenging. Multiscale mechanistic computational models of cardiac electrophysiology provide precise control over individual parameters, and their reproducibility enables a thorough assessment of arrhythmia mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of models of...
Source: Physiological Reviews - December 28, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Natalia A Trayanova Aurore Lyon Julie Shade Jordi Heijman Source Type: research
Computational modeling of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis
Physiol Rev. 2023 Dec 28. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2023. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe complexity of cardiac electrophysiology, involving dynamic changes in numerous components across multiple spatial (from ion channel to organ) and temporal (from milliseconds to days) scales makes an intuitive or empirical analysis of cardiac arrhythmogenesis challenging. Multiscale mechanistic computational models of cardiac electrophysiology provide precise control over individual parameters, and their reproducibility enables a thorough assessment of arrhythmia mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of models of...
Source: Physiological Reviews - December 28, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Natalia A Trayanova Aurore Lyon Julie Shade Jordi Heijman Source Type: research
