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Formate and its role in amino acid metabolism
Purpose of review The aim of this report is to examine critical relationships between amino acid and formate metabolism with particular reference to the production of formate, and to review novel functions of formate. Recent findings In addition to well established mechanisms in one-carbon metabolism, formate may play an important role in early pregnancy by preventing the onset of neural tube defects in sensitive strains of mice, including mice with deficiencies in MTHFD1L, the glycine cleavage system and the mitochondrial folate transporter. Markedly elevated, circulating levels of formate are found in late pregnancy...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - November 28, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: PROTEIN, AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Rajavel Elango and Alessandro Laviano Source Type: research

Arginine therapy in mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes
Purpose of review We would like to inform clinicians that the systematic administration of oral and intravenous L-arginine is therapeutically beneficial and clinically useful for patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), when they maintain plasma arginine concentration at least 168 μmol/l. Recent findings MELAS is associated with endothelial dysfunction by decreased plasma L-arginine, nitric oxide (NO), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Endothelial dysfunction is also evident using flow-mediated vasodilation measurement by high-resolution Doppler echo...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - November 28, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: PROTEIN, AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Rajavel Elango and Alessandro Laviano Source Type: research

Effects of Citrulline alone or combined with exercise on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance among older adults: a systematic review
Purpose of review To Establish the potential of Citrulline supplementation (CIT) combined or not with exercise on muscle function and physical performance via a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in human aged 50 years and older. Recent findings Based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guideline, 103 references have been identified. Among this number, only six RCTs (250 participants) matched the inclusion criteria and were included in the present systematic review. Among the included studies, five of six reported beneficial effects of CIT on muscle mass. Then, f...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - November 28, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

Vitamin D for the older patient: from hype to hope?
Purpose of review The review critically appraises the most recent and important meta-analyses that have assessed the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone health in the older population. Recent findings Vitamin D status is generally lower in study participants with bone wasting. However, studies on the effects of vitamin D supplementation on bone health, summarized in different meta-analyses, have provided conflicting results, likely because of the heterogeneity between studies. Interventional studies performed using more physiological doses of vitamin D (i.e. avoiding very large, nonphysiological doses) or in s...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - November 28, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

Editorial: Body composition measurements in older adults
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - November 28, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - November 28, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Effects of chromium supplementation on body composition, human and animal health, and insulin and glucose metabolism
Purpose of review Chromium(III) has been proposed to have a nutritional or pharmacological role in changing body composition and improving symptoms of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and related conditions although the mode of action of Cr(III) at a molecular level has failed to be elucidated. This review details the current status of studies into Cr(III) supplementation. Recent findings Clinical trials, meta-analyses and systematic reviews have failed to demonstrate clinically significant effects from Cr(III) supplementation on body composition or symptoms of insulin resistance and related conditions in humans a...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - October 12, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: MICRONUTRIENTS: Edited by Henry C. Lukaski and Véronique Coxam Source Type: research

Micronutrient deficiencies and their public health implications for South-East Asia
Purpose of review Micronutrient deficiencies are highly prevalent worldwide, including in South-East Asia, and have a profound impact on public health. Most efforts towards eliminating micronutrient deficiencies have focused on vitamin A, iron, and iodine deficiency. But deficiency of other micronutrients also affect public health. The purpose of the present review is to provide an overview of micronutrient deficiency prevalence in South-East Asia and potential public health impact. Recent findings Representative and up-to-date data on micronutrient status in South-East Asia is limited. Although anemia is still preval...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - October 12, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: MICRONUTRIENTS: Edited by Henry C. Lukaski and Véronique Coxam Source Type: research

Plant polyphenols, chemoreception, taste receptors and taste management
Purpose of review Polyphenols display beneficial health effects through chemopreventive actions on numerous chronic diseases including cancers, metabolic disorders, reproductive disorders and eating behaviour disorders. According to the principle of chemoreception, polyphenols bind cellular targets capable of accepting their stereochemistry, namely metabolizing enzymes and protein receptors, including taste receptors. The extraoral expression of taste receptors and their pharmacological interest in terms of novel drug therapies open up new perspectives on the potential use of these compounds and their interactions with o...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - October 12, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: MICRONUTRIENTS: Edited by Henry C. Lukaski and Véronique Coxam Source Type: research

Vitamin D, genetics, and bone mineral density during weight loss
Purpose of review The current review is to summarize the recent progress in the research of the relation between vitamin D and bone mineral density (BMD) during weight-loss interventions, and describe how genetic factors interact with weight-loss interventions on changes in bone health. Recent findings Obesity has shown to be a protective factor for bone health, whereas the relation between weight loss and BMD has yet to be well established. Although beneficial on a variety of metabolic outcomes, weight-loss interventions, such as dietary modifications and surgical treatment, showed adverse effects on bone health in s...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - October 12, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: MICRONUTRIENTS: Edited by Henry C. Lukaski and Véronique Coxam Source Type: research

Curcumin and arterial function in health and disease: impact on oxidative stress and inflammation
Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to provide a concise overview of the polyphenol curcumin for improving arterial health, specifically endothelial function and arterial stiffness, to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and to highlight potential mechanisms of action by which curcumin may improve artery function. Recent findings The primary findings of this review support the notion for curcumin to improve arterial health both with aging and obesity. There are few clinical trials on curcumin, and those that currently exist are small in scale but provide evidence for curcumin to improve endothelial fu...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - October 12, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: MICRONUTRIENTS: Edited by Henry C. Lukaski and Véronique Coxam Source Type: research

Vitamin D and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Purpose of review Vitamin D deficiency may impact disease progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this work was to review recent studies examining either vitamin D status or the effects of supplementation in patients with NAFLD, along with investigating the roles of genetic polymorphisms and the gut microbiome. Recent findings Six heterogeneous observational studies of vitamin D status, and four randomized controlled intervention trials of vitamin D supplementation in NAFLD were conflicting. All studies were hampered by the challenges of diagnosing NAFLD, were underpowered, and lacked data ...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - October 12, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS: Edited by Nathalie M. Delzenne Source Type: research

A place for vitamin supplementation and functional food in bariatric surgery?
This article summarizes recent literature concerning vitamin deficiency and required supplementation post-bariatric surgery, focusing on vitamin D (and associated clinical adverse effect on bone loss) and on the potential implication of the gut microbiota. Recent findings Bariatric surgery induces weight loss and metabolic improvements yet with major inter-individual variability. If it is efficient in most patients, some display poor response (i.e. patients with the lowest weight loss at 1 year or weight regain afterwards, or patients without metabolic disease remission). Despite systematic vitamin supplementation, some...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - October 12, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS: Edited by Nathalie M. Delzenne Source Type: research

Infant growth, neurodevelopment and gut microbiota during infancy: which nutrients are crucial?
Purpose of review To update the role of specific nutrients during infant development. Recent findings Several bioactive nutrients such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), iron, vitamins, proteins, or carbohydrates have been identified to exert an important role during the first 1000 days of life on infant growth, neurodevelopment, and gut microbiota establishment and maturation. LC-PUFAs are structural constituents of the central nervous system (CNS), being essential in retinal development or hippocampal plasticity. Recently, components of the milk fat globule membrane (MFG) are being added to infant...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - October 12, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS: Edited by Nathalie M. Delzenne Source Type: research

Dealing with saturated and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism for anticancer therapy
Purpose of review Although saturated fatty acid (FA) (SFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) are synthesized in cancer cells from acetyl-CoA, polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) are necessarily obtained from diet. Depending on concentrations and metabolism, these different FAs may support tumor proliferation but also exert growth inhibitory effects. The mutual interplay between them also requires to integrate the FA oxidation component that may be concomitant with FA synthesis is cancer cells. Recent findings New molecular mechanisms driving FA synthesis, lipotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of eicosanoids in mouse and hum...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - October 12, 2019 Category: Nutrition Tags: FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS: Edited by Nathalie M. Delzenne Source Type: research