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Protein and amino acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Purpose of review In this review, the latest evidence on the influence of dietary protein and plasma amino acids in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is discussed. Recent findings Increasing protein consumption during weight loss and maintenance may help reduce liver fat content. Conversely, high protein intake characteristic of the unhealthy Western diet is associated with increased NAFLD prevalence and severity. Plasma concentration of several amino acids, including branched-chain (BCAA) and aromatic amino acids (AAA), is altered in NAFLD. Excess amino acid availability contributes t...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: PROTEIN, AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Rajavel Elango and René Koopman Source Type: research

Essential amino acid formulations to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress
Purpose of review Both restriction and supplementation of specific amino acids or branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are described to improve metabolic homeostasis, energy balance, and health span. This review will discuss the recent findings of the role of amino acid supplements in the regulation of mitochondrial health. Recent findings A mixture of essential amino acids (EAAs), BCAA enriched mixture, was found to extend healthy life span in elderly mice and prevent multiple diseases associated with an energy deficit, similarly to caloric restriction or fasting-mimicking diets. A growing body of evidence highli...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: PROTEIN, AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Rajavel Elango and René Koopman Source Type: research

Dietary protein interventions to improve nutritional status in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis
Purpose of review Poor nutritional status is prevalent among end-stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. Chronic hemodialysis patients show an accelerated decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength, which is associated with higher mortality rates and a reduced quality of life. The current review aims to summarize recent advances regarding underlying causes of muscle loss and interventions that support muscle mass maintenance in patients with chronic hemodialysis. Recent findings Muscle maintenance in chronic hemodialysis patients is compromised by low dietary protein intake levels, anabolic resis...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: PROTEIN, AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Rajavel Elango and René Koopman Source Type: research

Protein absorption and kinetics in critical illness
Purpose of review Timing, dose, and route of protein feeding in critically ill patients treated in an ICU is controversial. This is because of conflicting outcomes observed in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This inconsistency between RCTs may occur as the physiology of protein metabolism and protein handling in the critically ill is substantially different from the healthy with limited mechanistic data to inform design of RCTs. This review will outline the current knowledge and gaps in the understanding of protein absorption and kinetics during critical illness. Recent findings Critically ill patients, bot...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: PROTEIN, AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Rajavel Elango and René Koopman Source Type: research

Inherited disorders of sulfur amino acid metabolism: recent advances in therapy
Purpose of review Metabolism of sulfur amino acids (SAA) provides compounds important for many cellular functions. Inherited disorders of SAA metabolism are typically severe multisystemic diseases affecting brain, liver, connective tissue, or vasculature. The review summarizes the present therapeutic approaches and advances in identifying novel treatment targets, and provides an overview of new therapies. Recent findings Current treatments of genetic disorders of SAA metabolism are primarily based on modulation of affected pathways by dietary measures and provision of lacking products or scavenging of toxic mole...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: PROTEIN, AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Rajavel Elango and René Koopman Source Type: research

Determinants of amino acid bioavailability from ingested protein in relation to gut health
Purpose of review The current review provides an update on the recent research developments regarding amino acid bioavailability in conditions of both good health and gut disorders. Recent findings Determination of amino acid bioavailability is complex and invasive. Minimally invasive methods using stable isotopes have been developed for humans. Data were collected in different models – humans, pigs and rats with various procedures – leading to interstudy variability. They mainly focused on either plant protein or the effect of food processing on animal protein. Plant protein in their original food matrix (l...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: PROTEIN, AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Rajavel Elango and René Koopman Source Type: research

Editorial: Distinct roles for dietary protein and amino acids in health and disease
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: PROTEIN, AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND THERAPY: Edited by Rajavel Elango and René Koopman Source Type: research

β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation in older persons – an update
Purpose of review The interest in the use of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) as an intervention to prevent and treat sarcopenia has increased over recent years. The purpose of this review is to explore recent evidence pertaining to the mechanism of action of HMB and how this may influence changes in lean mass and strength in older persons who are both hospitalized and living in the community. Recent findings No new studies have been published over the last 2 years investigating the effect of HMB in older persons who are hospitalized, aside from one posthoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial explori...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

Protein and physical activity in older persons
Purpose of review The aim of this study was to highlight recent evidence on protein requirement and physical activity recommendations in older adults and their interrelationship. Recent findings Higher protein intake in older adults is beneficial for better physical function, reduced fracture risk, healthy ageing and lower mortality. However, the association between protein quality and health remains inconsistent. Higher physical activity is associated with a lower risk of physical dependence, frailty, cognitive impairment and mortality. Prospectively increasing or even sustaining physical activity can be protec...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

Therapeutic strategies for sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review
Purpose of review Tough plenty of literature investigated therapeutic options for body composition changes targeting elderly people, evidence concerning potential treatments of sarcopenic obesity as a unique condition is scarce. The aim of the present review was to summarize recent evidence regarding treatment of sarcopenic obesity in adult and older individuals. Recent findings Exercise-based interventions were effective in ameliorating lean mass or sarcopenia-related indices and reducing total adiposity. Importantly, in one study, modifications of body composition were obtained in the absence of significant ch...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

Nutrients to mitigate osteosarcopenia: the role of protein, vitamin D and calcium
Purpose of review Osteosarcopenia (the joint loss of bone density and muscle mass and function) is an emerging geriatric syndrome, which associates with poor health outcomes. Several nutrients including protein, vitamin D and calcium interact (directly or through absorption properties) to regulate muscle and bone metabolism. We provided an update on the efficacy of these nutrients on musculoskeletal outcomes in older adults with, or at risk of, osteosarcopenia. Recent findings Randomized trials show that correcting vitamin D and calcium deficiencies to meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) increases bone ...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

Obesity, vitamin D deficiency and old age a serious combination with respect to coronavirus disease-2019 severity and outcome
Purpose of review Old age, obesity and vitamin D deficiency are considered as independent risk factors for severe courses of COVID-19. The aim of the review is to discuss common features of these risk factors and the impact of vitamin D. Recent findings The recently discovered relationship between vitamin D and the infection pathway of the virus via the renin--angiotensin system (RAS) and the adipokines leptin and adiponectin play an important role. The frequency of studies showing a relationship between a low vitamin D status in comorbidities and severe COVID-19 courses makes an impact of vitamin D effects like...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

Protein intake and renal function in older patients
Purpose of review Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent in elderly patients. There is growing recognition of the importance of attention to dietary protein intake (DPI) in this population given their predisposition to age-related changes in kidney function and coexisting comorbidities (i.e., hypertension). We reviewed the impact of DPI on kidney health and survival and the role of dietary protein management in older CKD patients. Recent findings While kidney function parameters including glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow are slightly lower in elderly patients irrespective of CKD s...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

A year with the GLIM diagnosis of malnutrition – does it work for older persons?
Purpose of review In early 2019, the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) concept was published advocating a two-step procedure, that is, screening followed by confirmation of the malnutrition diagnosis requiring a combination of phenotypic and etiologic criteria. This review summarizes 14 publications that have applied the GLIM criteria in older populations. Recent findings Four studies miss data on muscle mass. The mandatory screening appears missing in some studies. Two studies report that criterion validity is fair to good when compared with Subjective Global Assessment as semigold standard. M...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research

Editorial: COVID-19 in older persons: the role of nutrition
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - December 19, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION: Edited by Jürgen M. Bauer and John E. Morley Source Type: research