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Pediatric screening tools for malnutrition: an update
We present recent studies about newly developed or adjusted tools, the applicability of nutritional screening tools in specific populations, and how to implement screening in the overall process of improving nutritional care in the pediatric hospital setting. Summary Three new screening tools have been developed for use on admission to hospital: two for the mixed pediatric hospitalized population and one for infants. A simple weekly rescreening tool to identify hospital-acquired nutritional deterioration was developed for use in children with prolonged hospital stay. Different from most previous studies that only assess...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - April 1, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: PAEDIATRICS: Edited by Berthold Koletzko and Raanan Shamir Source Type: research

Food allergy prevention: current evidence
Purpose of review The aim of the article is to critically appraise the most relevant studies in the rapidly advancing field of food allergy prevention. Recent findings Epidemiologic studies identified atopic dermatitis as a strong risk factor for food allergy, with mounting evidence for impaired skin barrier and cutaneous inflammation in the pathogenesis. Additional risk factors include a family history of atopy, the timing of allergenic food introduction into the infant's diet, dietary diversity, vitamin D, and environmental factors, such as dog ownership. Early introduction of allergenic foods (such as peanut) into ...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - April 1, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: PAEDIATRICS: Edited by Berthold Koletzko and Raanan Shamir Source Type: research

Indirect health sector actions and supportive strategies to prevent malnutrition
Purpose of review Malnutrition is a pervasive problem that causes negative acute, long-term, and intergenerational consequences. As we have begun to move from efficacy to effectiveness trials of nutrition interventions, and further still to more holistic case study approaches to understanding how and why nutrition outcomes change over time, it has become clear that more emphasis on the ‘nutrition-sensitive’ interventions is required. Recent findings In this article, we propose recategorizing the nutrition-specific and sensitive terminology into a new framework that includes direct and indirect health sector action...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - April 1, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: PAEDIATRICS: Edited by Berthold Koletzko and Raanan Shamir Source Type: research

Exercise in patients on chronic hemodialysis: current evidence, knowledge gaps and future perspectives
Purpose of review Physical inactivity is common in hemodialysis patients, and is associated with disability and poor outcomes. We summarize the effects of aerobic, resistance or mixed exercise training on aerobic capacity, muscle mass and strength, dialysis efficiency, quality of life and cardiovascular adaptation according to clinical studies on this population, also focusing on knowledge gaps as topics for future research. Finally, we put evidence into clinical context deriving practical indications for exercise implementation in these patients. Recent findings In hemodialysis patients, aerobic or mixed exercise tra...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - April 1, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN WASTING DISEASES: Edited by Claude Pichard and Mariëlle P.K.J. Engelen Source Type: research

An update on nutrient modulation in the management of disease-induced muscle wasting: evidence from human studies
Purpose of review Skeletal muscle has many essential roles in maintaining human health, not only being crucial for locomotion, but further as a metabolically important organ. Muscle wasting in disease (cachexia) is highly prevalent, associated with poor clinical outcomes and is not fully reversible with nutritional interventions. Understanding proteostasis in diseased states is of great importance to design novel, effective nutritional/nutraceutical strategies aimed at alleviating muscle wasting. In this review, we will provide an update on muscle kinetics in disease and the effects of nutritional interventions. Recent ...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - April 1, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN WASTING DISEASES: Edited by Claude Pichard and Mariëlle P.K.J. Engelen Source Type: research

Fish oil supplementation and maintaining muscle mass in chronic disease: state of the evidence
Purpose of review Providing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the form of fish oils, to benefit muscle is an emerging area of interest. The aim of this work was to evaluate the current literature that has assessed muscle mass as an outcome during a fish oil intervention in any chronic disease. Recent findings The vast majority of studies published in the last 3 years (12 of 15) have been conducted in the oncological setting, in patients undergoing treatment for cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, breast, head and neck, lung, cervix, and hematological cancers. Three studies were conducte...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - April 1, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN WASTING DISEASES: Edited by Claude Pichard and Mariëlle P.K.J. Engelen Source Type: research

MicroRNAs as potential therapeutic targets for muscle wasting during cancer cachexia
Purpose of review Muscle wasting in cancer cachexia remains an unmet clinical need due to lack of effective therapies associated with the complexity of the disease. Here, we discuss microRNAs, robust regulators of the expression of multiple genes, only recently characterized in cancer cachexia in humans and their therapeutic potential for muscle wasting. Recent findings Changes in microRNAs in muscle of cancer patients have been demonstrated for the first time and these are associated with dysregulated signalling networks during muscle wasting. These data, together with studies in animal models, indicate that microRNA...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - April 1, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN WASTING DISEASES: Edited by Claude Pichard and Mariëlle P.K.J. Engelen Source Type: research

Editorial: Energy needs: quick and easy to measure
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - April 1, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN WASTING DISEASES: Edited by Claude Pichard and Mariëlle P.K.J. Engelen Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - April 1, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Editorial: Vegan diets: what is the benefit?
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care)
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 11, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: HOT TOPICS Source Type: research

Veganism, aging and longevity: new insight into old concepts
Purpose of review Plant-based diets are associated with better health and longevity. Veganism is a strict form of vegetarianism, which has gained increasing attention in recent years. This review will focus on studies addressing mortality and health-span in vegans and vegetarians and discuss possible longevity-enhancing mechanisms. Recent findings Studies in vegans are still limited. Epidemiologic studies consistently show lower disease rates, such as lower incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease, but mortality rates are comparable with rates in vegetarians and occasional meat eaters. Reasons for following stri...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 11, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: HOT TOPICS Source Type: research

Alcoholism and nutrition: a review of vitamin supplementation and treatment
Purpose of review This is a review of the research on the effectiveness of vitamin supplementation for alcoholism and alcohol-related illnesses. The focus is on research, both clinical and basic on alcohol treatment and nutritional effectiveness of these vital nutrients. Recent findings Most of the research involves basic experiments exploring the impact of vitamin depletion or deficits on physiological systems, especially liver and brain, in rodents. These often include behavioral measures that use cognitive, learning/memory and motivation experiments that model clinical studies. These provide support for hypotheses ...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 11, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: SPECIAL COMMENTARY Source Type: research

Title of review article: admissible daily intake for glutamate
Purpose of review Total glutamate (Glu) intake is 5–20 g/day in adults and about 40 mg/kg in breast-fed infant. Glu intake is constituted by Glu from protein and free Glu from certain foods and flavor-enhancing additive. The admissible intake of free Glu additive is addressed. Recent finding In the gut, Glu is actively metabolized by enterocytes and because of this metabolism, the systemic availability of ingested Glu remains relatively low. Human studies are preferred to assess the transfer in blood of dietary free Glu salts and their possible risks. When human data are not available, experimental animal models...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 11, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: PROTEIN, AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND THERAPY Source Type: research

Defining sarcopenia: some caveats and challenges
Purpose of review To summarize the latest advances and caveats in defining sarcopenia and discuss the implications of the most recent worldwide initiatives which are trying to harmonize the definition. Recent findings The evolution over time of the definitions of sarcopenia is discussed, with a focus on the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) definition and the Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) conference. The EWGSOP2 and the SDOC agree on the overall concept of sarcopenia, which involves both impaired function (low muscle strength) and structural damage (low muscle mas...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 11, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: AGEING: BIOLOGY AND NUTRITION Source Type: research

Is slower advancement of enteral feeding superior to aggressive full feeding regimens in the early phase of critical illness
Purpose of review An excessive caloric intake during the acute phase of critical illness is associated with adverse effects, presumably related to overfeeding, inhibition of autophagy and refeeding syndrome. The purpose of this review is to summarize recently published clinical evidence in this area. Recent findings Several observational studies, a few interventional trials, and systematic reviews/metaanalyses were published in 2017–2019. Most observational studies reported an association between caloric intakes below 70% of energy expenditure and a better vital outcome. In interventional trials, or systematic revie...
Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care - February 11, 2020 Category: Nutrition Tags: NUTRITION AND THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT: Edited by Peter J.M. Weijs and Stephen A. McClave Source Type: research